[tt] Next Big Future - 6 new articles

Eugen Leitl <eugen at leitl.org> on Wed Oct 22 08:33:09 CEST 2008

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"[2]Next Big Future" - 6 new articles

    1. [3]Space and Energy Roundup
    2. [4]Fun off-topic: Beverage and Breast Size roundup
    3. [5]Synthetic Telepathy and Better machine neuron connections
    4. [6]Nuclear power Roundup October 21, 2008
    5. [7]Ohio state has solar power breakthrough
    6. [8]Transformation optics, metamaterials, nanophotonics, plasmonics
    7. [9]More Recent Articles
    8. [10]Search Next Big Future

[11]Space and Energy Roundup

   [12]1. Alan Boyle at msnbc reports that the IEC fusion project is
   still in limbo awaiting a review of their results and for word on
   follow up funding.
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     [EMC2 Fusion] is waiting for guidance from a peer-review panel and
     his funders on whether to proceed to the second phase.
     "We've been pretty busy, but it's the same situation," Nebel told
     me today. "We're kind of in a holding pattern."
     He's been able to keep the five-person team together and "doing a
     few things" during this holding pattern. There have been some
     rumblings to the effect that EMC2's results have been encouraging
     enough to justify pressing forward, but Nebel has declined to make
     a prediction about the project's future.
     Nebel worries about the same kind of budget limbo that the U.S.
     ITER team is worrying about, even though his budget is an order of
     magnitude lower. Among the factors on his mind are the change in
     the White House and the changes in economic circumstances.
     "The thing that usually gets hit the hardest is what they call
     discretionary funding," Nebel said, "and that's what we're looking
     at here. That'd be the biggest fear everywhere."

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   [20]2. Elon Musk and Spacex are confident again after their first
   successful orbital rocket launch.

     Under a $278 million contract with NASA, Space Exploration
     Technologies, known as SpaceX, plans to launch a far more powerful
     booster by mid-2009. By designing the new Falcon 9 to be reusable,
     Musk hopes to make space travel far cheaper, and secure a permanent
     gig taxiing supplies to the International Space Station.
     If SpaceX can achieve its ambitions of slashing the cost to reach
     space by a factor of 10, "it would be recognized as one of the
     pivotal events in human history, in the history of life itself,"
     Musk said. "It would make it possible to colonize Mars, to make
     life multi-planetary. In the absence of a reusable launch vehicle,
     that's not going to happen."

   [21]Elon Musk has stated that one of his goals is to improve the cost
   and reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten.
   Ultimately, I believe $500 per pound ($1,100/kg) or less is very
   achievable."
   [22]3. Venture beat reports that NASA's problems with the Shuttle and
   its other programs are forcing a greater dependence on the private
   space companies.

     NASA has earmarked $500 million for contracts with firms like
     Orbital and SpaceX to deliver and return cargo, and eventually even
     crew members.
     NASA has the potential to be a stable buttress for many private
     firms -- buying data, licensing designs and transporting payloads
     via commercial contracts. Not to mention pumping reliable streams
     of revenue into the
     indhttp://www.blogger.com/img/gl.quote.gifustry. This won't just
     help the private players. It might just be the key ingredient
     needed to give NASA a competitive edge over its international peers
     -- not only China, but an ever-expanding space community.
     SpaceX, Bigelow Aerospace and XCOR Aerospace are hard at work
     developing the technology that could lead to commercial manned
     spaceflight in the not too distant future. Small Texas company
     Armadillo Aerospace is building reusable-rocket powered vehicles
     with an eye toward eventual passengered voyages. And Blue Origin,
     an even smaller startup funded by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, has
     already flown its New Shephard spacecraft, designed for sub-orbital
     transport. They hope to be marketing it to tourists within the next
     two years.

   [23]4. This weekend, Oct 24-25, is the lunar lander challenge.
   Armadillo Aerospace lander
   Two teams are expected to fly during the competition: Armadillo
   Aerospace and TrueZer0.

     The Competition is divided into two levels. Level 1 requires a
     rocket to take off from a designated launch area, rocket up to 150
     feet (50 meters) altitude, then hover for 90 seconds while landing
     precisely on a landing pad 50 meters away. The flight must then be
     repeated in reverse--and both flights, along with all of the
     necessary preparation for each, must take place within a two and a
     half hour period.
     The more difficult course, Level 2, requires the rocket to hover
     for twice as long before landing precisely on a simulated lunar
     surface, packed with craters and boulders to mimic actual lunar
     terrain. The hover times are calculated so that the Level 2 mission
     closely simulates the power needed to perform a real lunar mission.
     In the 2007 competition, held as part of the X PRIZE Cup, there
     were nine competitors total. However, despite the best efforts of
     all of the teams, only one of them, Armadillo Aerospace, was ready
     to fly. They missed winning Level 1 by 7 seconds.

   Team name: [24]Armadillo Aerospace
   Vehicle name(s): MOD & QUAD (PIXEL)
   Team leader: John Carmack
   Team members:James Bauer, Tommy Bishop, Russ Blink, Phil Eaton, Joseph
   Lagrave, Neil Milburn, and Matthew Ross
   Fuel: LOX, Ethanol and Helium
   Level(2): One and Two
   Vehicle Weight: 1340lbs and 2250lbs, respectively
   Thrust: ~1800lbs and 3000lbs, respectively
   Team name: [25]TrueZer0
   Vehicle name(s): Ignignokt
   Team leader: Todd Squires and Scott Zeeb
   Team members: George Johnson, Todd Squires, Scott Zeeb, Josh
   Johnson(left to right)
   Fuel: H2O2 and N2
   Level(2): One
   Vehicle Weight: 475lbs
   Thrust: 650lbs
   [26]5. Blacklight Power has an independent university study confirming
   its 50KW reactor

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[43]Fun off-topic: Beverage and Breast Size roundup

   [44]1. Around half of all women possess a gene shown to link breast
   size to coffee in take according to a swedish study of 270 women. The
   study was published in the British Journal of Cancer.
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     Woman with an average weight but big breasts and a high number of
     mammary glands run an above average risk of developing breast
     cancer. Previous studies have shown that women can reduce this risk
     by drinking at least three cups of coffee a day.

   [51]2. The TV show, Manswers, indicated hops in beer can work like the
   hops in breast enhancement pills and can increase breast size.
   [52]Phytoestrogen can be detected in beer, but the levels are low.

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   [54]Hops may also have an anti-cancer effect.

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[71]Synthetic Telepathy and Better machine neuron connections

   [72]The Army has given a grant to researchers at University of
   California, Irvine, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of
   Maryland has two objectives.
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     The first is to compose a message using, as D'Zmura puts it, "that
     little voice in your head."
     The second part is to send that message to a particular individual
     or object (like a radio), also just with the power of thought. Once
     the message reaches the recipient, it could be read as text or as a
     voice mail.

   [79]In a separate but related development movement was restored to
   paralyzed limbs in monkeys through artificial brain-muscle
   connections. The two projects could combine with the more robust brain
   and neuron connections helping to provide better signals for the
   synthetic telepathy work.

     The group's approach is one of several lines of current
     neuroprosthetic research. Some investigators are using
     brain-computer interfaces to record signals from multiple neurons
     and convert those signals to control a robotic limb. Other
     researchers have delivered artificial stimulation directly to
     paralyzed arm muscles in order to drive arm movement--a technique
     called functional electrical stimulation (FES). The Fetz study is
     the first to combine a brain-computer interface with real-time
     control of FES.
     Until now, brain-computer interfaces were designed to decode the
     activity of neurons known to be associated with movement of
     specific body parts. Here, the researchers discovered that any
     motor cortex cell, regardless of whether it had been previously
     associated with wrist movement, was capable of stimulating muscle
     activity. This finding greatly expands the potential number of
     neurons that could control signals for brain-computer interfaces
     and also illustrates the flexibility of the motor cortex.
     The advantage of Moritz's approach is that the signal from a single
     neuron can be interpreted by a much less powerful computer chip,
     perhaps one small and low-powered enough to implant into the
     animal's -- or a patient's -- body.
     Moritz also suggests that his team's approach could eventually
     control several muscles at once by electrically stimulating nerves
     in the spinal cord, rather than stimulating the muscles directly.
     Eventually the researchers hope to develop wireless electrodes that
     wouldn't involve wires sticking out of the skull, Moritz says.
     Clinical applications are still probably at least a decade away,
     according to Dr. Fetz. Better methods for recording cortical
     neurons and for controlling multiple muscles must be developed,
     along with implantable circuitry that could be used reliably and
     safely, he says.

   Previous implants collect signals from large collections of neurons,
   and need complex software to process them into a clean output signal.
   [80]Moritz's system, though, uses only 12 moving electrodes - just 50
   micrometres wide - to seek out and connect to just a single neuron.
   This produces a much simpler and tidier output signal.

     After being inserted into the brain's motor cortex, the device can
     sense where the strongest signal is coming from, and move the
     electrodes towards it.
     Piezoelectric motors can move the 12 electrodes in small
     1-micrometre increments and will back off when necessary to avoid
     damaging nerve cells.

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     Commercial EEG headsets already exist that allow wearers to
     manipulate virtual objects by thought alone, noted Sajda, but
     thinking "move rock" is easier than, say, "Have everyone meet at
     Starbucks at 5:30."
     One difficulty in composing specific messages is fundamental --
     EEGs are not very specific. They can only locate a signal to within
     about one to two centimeters. That's a large distance in the brain.
     In the brain's auditory cortex, for example, two centimeters is the
     difference between low notes and high notes, D'Zmura said.
     Placing electrodes between the skull and the brain would offer more
     precise readings, but it is expensive and requires invasive
     surgery.
     To work around this problem, the scientists need to gain a much
     better understanding of what words and phrases light up what brain
     sections. To create a detailed map of the brain scientists will
     also use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and
     magnetoencephalography (MEG).
     Each technology has its own strengths and weaknesses. EEGs detect
     brain activity only on the outer bulges of the brain's folds. MEGs
     read brain activity on the inner folds but are too large to put on
     your head. FMRIs detect brain activity more accurately than either
     but are heavy and expensive.
     Of all three technologies EEG is the one currently cheap enough,
     light enough and fast enough for a mass market device.
     The map generated by all three technologies will help the computer
     guess which word of phrase a person means when a part of the brain
     is lights up on the EEG. The idea is similar to how dictation
     software like Dragon NaturallySpeaking uses context to help
     determine which word you said.

   FURTHER READING
   [82]Direct control of paralysed muscles by cortical neurons

     A potential treatment for paralysis resulting from spinal cord
     injury is to route control signals from the brain around the injury
     by artificial connections. Such signals could then control
     electrical stimulation of muscles, thereby restoring volitional
     movement to paralysed limbs. In previously separate experiments,
     activity of motor cortex neurons related to actual or imagined
     movements has been used to control computer cursors and robotic
     arms and paralysed muscles have been activated by functional
     electrical stimulation. Here we show that Macaca nemestrina monkeys
     can directly control stimulation of muscles using the activity of
     neurons in the motor cortex, thereby restoring goal-directed
     movements to a transiently paralysed arm. Moreover, neurons could
     control functional stimulation equally well regardless of any
     previous association to movement, a finding that considerably
     expands the source of control signals for brain-machine interfaces.
     Monkeys learned to use these artificial connections from cortical
     cells to muscles to generate bidirectional wrist torques, and
     controlled multiple neuron-muscle pairs simultaneously. Such direct
     transforms from cortical activity to muscle stimulation could be
     implemented by autonomous electronic circuitry, creating a
     relatively natural neuroprosthesis. These results are the first
     demonstration that direct artificial connections between cortical
     cells and muscles can compensate for interrupted physiological
     pathways and restore volitional control of movement to paralysed
     limbs.

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[99]Nuclear power Roundup October 21, 2008

   1. [100]Italy will make 8-10 nuclear reactors starting in 2013.
   [101]Correcting a 50 billion euro mistake of ending nuclear power in
   Italy.

     The long term aim, according to Scajola, is to 'rebalance the power
     generation in Italy'. By 2030 the Italian government would like to
     see nuclear power taking a 25% share in generation, with renewables
     on the same level and fossil fuels making up the remaining 50%.

   IFRAME:
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   [103]2. Russian and Chinese delegations added an intention to
   construct an 800 MWe demonstration fast breeder reactor to older plans
   to expand the Tianwan nuclear power plant. Two new VVER-1000
   pressurized water reactor units operate at the plant in eastern China,
   and a framework to build two more was embellished by an instruction to
   draft a memorandum concerning their actual construction. Russia
   already operates one BN-600 fast breeder reactor for electricity
   production at Beloyarsk, while a BN-800 unit is under construction
   there. The 800 MWe unit for China is presumed to be similar to the
   second Beloyarsk reactor.
   3. Kyrgyzstan Kara Balta since the start of 2008 has produced over 600
   tonnes of uranium and plans to produce more than 2000 tonnes in 2009.
   4. [104]Saskatchewan, Canada has some of the largest uranium reserves
   in the world. Saskatchewan has appointed a 12 member panel to perform
   a study on how to develop its uranium and nuclear industry. The new
   partnership's mandate is to identify and evaluate opportunities for
   value-added development of the uranium industry and make
   recommendations in a report that is to be submitted by March 31, 2009.
   Members include Armand Laferrere, president of Areva Canada, Jerry
   Grandey, president and CEO of Cameco and Alex Pourbaix, president of
   energy at TransCanada Corp and Duncan Hawthorne, president of Bruce
   Power Inc.
   This should result in a recommendation to vigorously develop the
   Uranium resources, step up to nuclear research and build some nuclear
   power plants. This would be a good thing for Saskatchewan's economy.
   The position of the province for the last few decades would be like
   Saudi Arabia being against oil development and the building of
   refineries.
   Note: the author, Brian Wang, lived in Saskatchewan for 20 years and
   felt that the lack of development of the massive uranium resource and
   the lack of support for nuclear power was a massive mistake.

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[121]Ohio state has solar power breakthrough

   [122]Researchers have created a new material that overcomes two of the
   major obstacles to solar power: it absorbs all the energy contained in
   visible sunlight, and generates electrons in a way that makes them 7
   million times easier to capture.
   Note: there is other work for capturing [123]the infrared spectrum of
   sunlight.

     Researchers and companies in the UK have delivered first generation
     single-junction cells with energy conversion efficiencies up to 12%
     for thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) cells. This compares to 9% from
     existing, commercially available devices. Increasing to 15%
     conversion of infrared energy to electricity is expected.

     Ohio State University chemists and their colleagues combined
     electrically conductive plastic with metals including molybdenum
     and titanium to create the hybrid material.
     Sunlight contains the entire spectrum of colors that can be seen
     with the naked eye -- all the colors of the rainbow. What our eyes
     interpret as color are really different energy levels, or
     frequencies of light. Today's solar cell materials can only capture
     a small range of frequencies, so they can only capture a small
     fraction of the energy contained in sunlight.
     This new material is the first that can absorb all the energy
     contained in visible light at once.

   IFRAME:
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     The molecules didn't just fluoresce as some solar cell materials
     do. They phosphoresced as well. Both luminous effects are caused by
     a material absorbing and emitting energy, but phosphorescence lasts
     much longer.
     To their surprise, the chemists found that the new material was
     emitting electrons in two different energy states -- one called a
     singlet state, and the other a triplet state. Both energy states
     are useful for solar cell applications, and the triplet state lasts
     much longer than the singlet state.
     Electrons in the singlet state stayed free for up to 12
     picoseconds, or trillionths of a second -- not unusual compared to
     some solar cell materials. But electrons in the triplet state
     stayed free 7 million times longer -- up to 83 microseconds, or
     millionths of a second.
     When they deposited the molecules in a thin film, similar to how
     they might be arranged in an actual solar cell, the triplet states
     lasted even longer: 200 microseconds.
     "This long-lived excited state should allow us to better manipulate
     charge separation," Chisholm said.
     At this point, the material is years from commercial development,
     but he added that this experiment provides a proof of concept --
     that hybrid solar cell materials such as this one can offer unusual
     properties.

   FURTHER READING
   The actual paper:[125]The remarkable influence of M2d to thienyl p
   conjugation in oligothiophenes incorporating MM quadruple bonds 
   Abstract

     Oligothiophenes incorporating MM quadruple bonds have been prepared
     from the reactions between Mo2(TiPB)4 (TiPB = 2,4,6-triisopropyl
     benzoate) and
     3',4'-dihexyl-2,2'-:5',2''-terthiophene-5,5''-dicarboxylic acid.
     The oligomers of empirical formula
     Mo2(TiPB)2(O2C(Th)-C4(n-hexyl)2S-(Th)CO2) are soluble in THF and
     form thin films with spin-coating (Th = thiophene). The reactions
     between Mo2(TiPB)4 and 2-thienylcarboxylic acid (Th-H),
     2,2'-bithiophene-5-carboxylic acid (BTh-H), and
     (2,2':5',2''-terthiophene)-5-carboxylic acid (TTh-H) yield
     compounds of formula trans-Mo2(TiPB)2L2, where L = Th, BTh, and TTh
     (the corresponding thienylcarboxylate), and these compounds are
     considered as models for the aforementioned oligomers. In all
     cases, the thienyl groups are substituted or coupled at the 2,5
     positions. Based on the x-ray analysis, the molecular structure of
     trans-Mo2(TiPB)2(BTh)2 reveals an extended Lp-M2d-Lp conjugation.
     Calculations of the electronic structures on model compounds, in
     which the TiPB are substituted by formate ligands, reveal that the
     HOMO is mainly attributed to the M2d orbital, which is stabilized
     by back-bonding to one of the thienylcarboxylate p* combinations,
     and the LUMO is an in-phase combination of the thienylcarboxylate
     p* orbitals. The compounds and the oligomers are intensely colored
     due to M2d-thienyl carboxylate p* charge transfer transitions that
     fall in the visible region of the spectrum. For the molybdenum
     complexes and their oligomers, the photophysical properties have
     been studied by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and emission
     spectroscopy, together with time-resolved emission and transient
     absorption for the determination of relaxation dynamics.
     Remarkably, THF solutions the molybdenum complexes show
     room-temperature dual emission, fluorescence and phosphorescence,
     originating mainly from 1MLCT and 3MM(dd*) states, respectively.
     With increasing number of thienyl rings from 1 to 3, the observed
     lifetimes of the 1MLCT state increase from 4 to 12 ps, while the
     phosphorescence lifetimes are ~=80 µs. The oligomers show similar
     photophysical properties as the corresponding monomers in THF but
     have notably longer-lived triplet states, ~=200 µs in thin films.
     These results, when compared with metallated oligothiophenes of the
     later transition elements, reveal that M2d-thienyl p conjugation
     leads to a very small energy gap between the 1MLCT and 3MLCT states
     of <0.6 eV.

   [126]Downloadable supplemental information

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[143]Transformation optics, metamaterials, nanophotonics, plasmonics

   Transformation optics is a field of optical and material engineering
   and science embracing nanophotonics, plasmonics, and optical
   metamaterials.
   [144]Transformation optics may enable invisibility, ultra-powerful
   microscopes and computers by harnessing nanotechnology and
   "metamaterials."

     The list of possible breakthroughs includes a cloak of
     invisibility; computers and consumer electronics that use light
     instead of electronic signals to process information; a "planar
     hyperlens" that could make optical microscopes 10 times more
     powerful and able to see objects as small as DNA; advanced sensors;
     and more efficient solar collectors.
     Computers using light instead of electronic signals to process
     information would be thousands of times faster than conventional
     computers. Such "photonic" computers would contain special
     transistor-size optical elements made from metamaterials.

   IFRAME:
   [145]http://ad.bannerconnect.net/st?ad_type=iframe&ad_size=336x280,300
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     Transformation optics also could enable engineers to design and
     build a "planar magnifying hyperlens" that would drastically
     improve the power and resolution of light microscopes.
     "The hyperlens is probably the most exciting and promising
     metamaterial application to date," Shalaev said. "The first
     hyperlens, proposed independently by Evgenii Narimanov at Princeton
     and Nader Engheta at the University of Pennsylvania and their
     co-workers, was cylindrical in shape. Transformation optics,
     however, enables a hyperlens in a planar form, which is important
     because you could just simply add this flat hyperlens to
     conventional microscopes and see things 10 times smaller than now
     possible. You could focus down to the nanoscale, much smaller than
     the wavelength of light, to actually see molecules like DNA,
     viruses and other objects that are now simply too small to see."
     He estimated that researchers may be building prototypes using
     transformation optics, such as the first planar hyperlenses, within
     five years.

   [146][advancednano?i=hlkHSW] 
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----- End forwarded message -----
-- 
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A  7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE

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