[tt] Next Big Future - 2 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Thu Jul 24 10:19:51 UTC 2008
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Subject: Next Big Future - 2 new articles
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"[2]Next Big Future" - 2 new articles
1. [3]A less secretive company trying to store CO2 in cement
2. [4]Optical lithography can go to 12 nanometers at least
3. [5]More Recent Articles
4. [6]Search Next Big Future
[7]A less secretive company trying to store CO2 in cement
[8]From MIT Technology Review, a Canadian company, Carbon Sense
Solutions (CSS), says that its curing process can store 60 tons of
carbon dioxide inside 1,000 tons of precast concrete products, such as
concrete blocks, while saving energy. CSS has [9]plans for a 5000 ton
per day plant by 2011 and increasing 25,000 tons per day by 2012-2013.
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[16]This site has covered Calera which claims to be able to store 1000
tons of carbon dioxide for each 1000 tons of concrete, but has been
secretive about its process.
Robert Niven, founder of Halifax-based [17]Carbon Sense Solutions,
says that his company's process would actually allow precast
concrete to store carbon dioxide. The company takes advantage of a
natural process; carbon dioxide is already reabsorbed in concrete
products over hundreds of years from natural chemical reactions.
Freshly mixed concrete is exposed to a stream of
carbon-dioxide-rich flue gas, rapidly speeding up the reactions
between the gas and the calcium-containing minerals in cement
(which represents about 10 to 15 percent of the concrete's volume).
The technology also virtually eliminates the need for heat or
steam, saving energy and emissions.
Work is expected to begin on a pilot plant in the province of Nova
Scotia this summer, with preliminary results expected by the end of
the year. If it works and is widely adopted, it has the potential
to sequester or avoid 20 percent of all cement-industry
carbon-dioxide emissions, says Niven. "If the technology is
commercialized as planned, it will revolutionize concrete
manufacturing and mitigate hundreds of megatons of carbon dioxide
each year, while providing manufacturers with a cheaper, greener,
and superior product." He adds that 60 tons of carbon dioxide could
be stored as solid limestone--or calcium carbonate--within every
1,000 tons of concrete produced. Further, he claims that the end
product is more durable, more resistant to shrinking and cracking,
and less permeable to water.
The idea of concrete carbonation has been around for decades but
has never been economical as a way to strengthen or improve the
finished product. In the late 1990s, researchers showed how carbon
dioxide could be turned into a supercritical fluid and injected
into concrete to make it stronger, but the required high pressures
made the process too energy intensive. Carbon Sense Solutions
claims to achieve the same goal but under atmospheric pressure and
without the need for special curing chambers
Research professor Tarun Naik, director of the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Center for By-Products Utilization, says that
all concrete absorbs carbon dioxide over time if left to cure
naturally--but only up to a point. The gas usually penetrates the
first one or two millimeters of the concrete's surface before
forming a hard crust that blocks any further absorption. Naik says
that something as simple as using less sand in a concrete mix can
increase the porosity of the finished product and allow more
ambient carbon dioxide to be absorbed into the concrete. It's
simpler than Carbon Sense Solutions' accelerated curing process and
can be applied to a much larger market, he says.
Other groups are taking aim at emissions from the cement-making
process itself. Researchers at MIT are seeking new ingredients in
cement that are less energy intensive, while companies such as
Montreal's CO2 Solution have an enzymatic approach that captures
carbon-dioxide emissions from cement-factory flue stacks, converts
the greenhouse gas into limestone, and feeds it back into the
cement-making process. Calera, backed by venture capitalist Vinod
Khosla, even claims that it can remove a ton of carbon dioxide from
the environment for every ton of cement it produces.
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[35]Optical lithography can go to 12 nanometers at least
[36]From the EEtimes, MIT researchers have solved issues with scanning
beam interference lithography and have tested at 25 nanometers and
believe they can get to 12 nanometers at least. This is a big deal
because it will ensure that Moore's law to continue to improve
computers for another 15 years or more. Current lithography is in the
45-60 nanometer range and 12 nanometers is 15-25 times more dense.
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[43]Mark Schattenburg, director of the Space Nanotechnology
Laboratory, and his group have done the work
[44]Scanning-Beam Interference Lithography is being commercialized at
the Plymouth Grating Laboratory (Mark Schattenburg's company
Using our scanning beam interference lithography technique, optical
lithography is mainly limited by the roughness of materials--and our
ability to see such fine features."
"In traditional interference lithography the wafer is stationary, but
in scanning beam interference lithography the wafer is constantly
moving," said Schattenburg.
"We synchronize the grating image with the movement of the wafer using
100-MHz sound waves," said Schattenburg. The sound waves vibrate the
laser's crystals, slightly shifting their frequency up and down as
they recede from and approach toward, respectively, the desired
feature being imaged. This compensation produces a stable, consistent
grating image across the patterns being transfered to the wafer,
according to the researchers.
Schattenburg has founded a lithography company called [45]Plymouth
Grating Laboratory (Plymouth, Mass.) which is currently considering
the commercialization of the new lithography technique.
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