[tt] Complexity Digest 2008.28 text version-2
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_________________________________________________________________
Complexity Digest 2008.28 11-July-2008
Archive: [1]http://www.comdig.org, European Mirror: [2]http://www.comdig.de
[1] http://www.comdig.org/
[2] http://www.comdig.de/
Asian Mirror: [3]http://www.phil.pku.edu.cn/resguide/comdig/ (Chinese
GB-Code)
[3] http://www.phil.pku.edu.cn/resguide/comdig/
"I think the next century will be the century of complexity." Stephen
Hawking, 2000
_________________________________________________________________
PDF files of our annual editions are available at
www.comdig.de/AnnualEditions.html
A letter from Gottfried Mayer to our readers and friends is at
www.comdig.de/GMLetter.html
_________________________________________________________________
01. Will The Real Theory Of Evolution Please Stand Up? - An Expose Of The
Evolution Industry, Scoop
01.01. Human Evolution: Details Of Being Human, Nature
01.02. Human Uniqueness-Self-Interest And Social Cooperation, J. Theor. Biol.
02. Science And Government: An Earth Systems Science Agency, Science
02.01. Arise 'Cliodynamics', Nature
02.02. Indirect Social Influence, Science
03. Origins Of Life: How Leaky Were Primitive Cells?, Nature
03.01. Paleontology: Life's Innovations Let It Diversify, At Least Up To A
Point, Science
04. Ecology: Return Of The Niche, Nature
04.01. Selection On Personality In A Songbird Affects Maternal Hormone
Levels,
Biol. Lett.
05. The Emergence of Cloud Computing, Data Center Journal
05.01. The Dangers Of Cloud Computing, InfoWorld
05.02. Should Your Website Be In The Cloud?, e-consultancy
05.03. 'Not A Site, But A Concept': Tapping The Power Of Social Networking,
Knowledge at Wharton
05.04. Surveillance Sans Frontieres: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious
Disease
Intelligence and the HealthMap Project, PLOS Medicine
06. A Picowatt Processor - A Low-Power Chip Could Be Used For Implantable
Medical Sensors., Technology Review
06.01. Nanotubes Hold Promise for Next-Generation Computing, Wired
06.02. AI Beats Human Poker Champions, EE Times
07. Science And Music: The Ear Of The Beholder, Nature
07.01. Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves, ScienceDaily
08. Chaotic Gene Regulatory Networks Can Be Robust Against Mutations And
Noise,
J. Theor. Biol.
08.01. Genomics: Billion-Dollar Cancer Mapping Project Steps Forward, Science
09. A Computational Framework For Modelling Solid Tumour Growth, Proc. A:
Math., Phy. & Engg. Sc.
09.01. Scientists Find Way To Dim Cancer Switch, Washington Post
09.02. 'Smart Bomb' Nanoparticle Strategy Impacts Metastasis, EurekAlert
10. Neuroscience: Predicting Psychosis, Nature
10.01. Brain Chemical Shown To Induce Both Desire And Dread, EurekAlert
10.02. Sick And Down, Science News
11. Neuroscience: The Scale Of Experience, Science
11.01. Neuroscience: Transient Dynamics For Neural Processing, Science
12. Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of Hippocampal
Circuit
Operations, Science
13. Herculean Device for Molecular Mysteries, NYTimes
14. Atmospheric Chemistry: Her Dark Materials, Nature
15. Fitting Food For Physics, Physicworld.com
16. Recipe For An Avalanche, Science News
17. Reincarnation Can Save Schrodinger's Cat - Physicists Reverse
Quantum-Classical Transition., Nature
18. Spatial Cooperativity In Soft Glassy Flows, Nature
19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
19.01. Radical Web Of Islam's Terror, National Post
20. Links & Snippets
20.01. Other Publications
20.02. Webcast Announcements
20.03. Conference Announcements
20.04. Other Announcements
_________________________________________________________________
01. Will The Real Theory Of Evolution Please Stand Up? - An Expose Of The
Evolution Industry , Scoop
Excerpts: Developmental biologist Stuart Kauffman is clearly one who thinks
we
must expand evolutionary theory. Kauffman, now head of the Biocomplexity and
Informatics Institute at the University of Calgary, is known for his
decades-long investigations into self-organization. He's been described by
one
evolutionary biologist as a "very creative man, try reading one of his books"
who said in the next breath that "if he [Kauffman] really put an effort into
understanding evolutionary biology - the basic theoretical framework that we
have - I think he could have come a lot further". (...) Kauffman also
describes
genes as "utterly dead". However, he says there are some genes that turn the
rest of the genes and one another on and off. Certain chemical reactions
happen. Enzymes are produced, etc. And that while we only have 25,000 to
30,000
genes, there are many combinations of activity.
* [4] Will The Real Theory Of Evolution Please Stand Up? - An Expose Of The
Evolution Industry, Suzan Mazur, 08/07/06, Scoop
[4] http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/print.html?path=HL0807/S00053.htm
_________________________________________________________________
01.01. Human Evolution: Details Of Being Human , Nature
Excerpts: They found that humans are indeed the only primates missing Neu5Gc1
[N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, Ed.] and that human cells are instead rich in
another sialic acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). (...) biochemical
analysis of 900,000-year-old Homo antecessor fossils from Atapuerca in
northern
Spain, some of the oldest hominid bones yet found in Europe. What Varki is
looking for is evidence that Neu5Gc was lost very early in human evolution.
He
believes that the fact that humans, and only humans, have lost Neu5Gc could
be
implicated in the emergence of hominid species.
* [5] Human Evolution: Details Of Being Human, Bruce Lieberman, 08/07/02,
DOI:
doi:10.1038/454021a, Nature
[5] http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080702/full/454021a.html
_________________________________________________________________
01.02. Human Uniqueness-Self-Interest And Social Cooperation , J. Theor.
Biol.
Excerpts: Humans are unique among all species of terrestrial history in both
ecological dominance and individual properties. Many, or perhaps all, of the
unique elements of this nonpareil status can be plausibly interpreted as
evolutionary and strategic elements and consequences of the unprecedented
intensity and scale of our social cooperation. Convincing explanation of this
unique human social adaptation remains a central, unmet challenge to the
scientific enterprise. (...) our results support the proposal that access to
a
novel capacity for projection of coercive threat might represent the
essential
initiating event for the evolution of a human-like pattern of social
cooperation (...).
* [6] Human Uniqueness-Self-Interest And Social Cooperation, [7] D. Okada,
[8]
P. M. Bingham, 2008/07/21, online 2008/03/13, DOI:
10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.041,
Journal of Theoretical Biology
* Contributed by [9] Pritha Das
[6]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMD-4S21TW4-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F21%2F2008&_rdoc=5&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236932%232008%23997469997%23693308%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6932&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=23&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ef51106352fa8ba1a230545d8d801c49
[7] mailto:okada at econ.rutgers.edu
[8] mailto:pbingham at notes.cc.sunysb.edu
[9] mailto:prithadas01 at yahoo.com
_________________________________________________________________
02. Science And Government: An Earth Systems Science Agency , Science
Excerpts: Addressing serious environmental and economic challenges in the
United States will require organizational changes at the federal level. (...)
Robust Earth-observing systems are critical to meeting national and
international needs. Yet these systems have not kept pace with increasing
demands of the public and private sectors for comprehensive, high-quality
information on the changing global environment. At a time when federal
Earth-observing systems should have been ramping up, priorities have shifted
to
manned missions to the Moon and Mars. A recent study by the National Research
Council found that NASA's Earth science budget had declined 30% since 2000.
The
scientific importance and societal value of remote sensing systems has not
been
communicated effectively to the public and Congress; hence, there is little
awareness of the shortfalls in our Earth-observing systems--and no driving
force to address them. Yet these systems are critical to public safety,
natural
disaster response, and efficient transportation and they fuel
multibillion-dollar industries.
* [10] Science And Government: An Earth Systems Science Agency, Mark
Schaefer ,
D. James Baker, John H. Gibbons, Charles G. Groat, Donald
Kennedy, Charles
F. Kennel, David Rejeski, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI: 10.1126/science.1160192,
Science
[10] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/44
_________________________________________________________________
02.01. Arise 'Cliodynamics' , Nature
Excerpts: If we are to learn how to develop a healthy society, we must
transform history into an analytical, predictive science, (...). Rather than
trying to reform the historical profession, perhaps we need an entirely new
discipline: theoretical historical social science. We could call this
'cliodynamics', from Clio, the muse of history, and dynamics, the study of
temporally varying processes and the search for causal mechanisms. Let
history
continue to focus on the particular. Cliodynamics, meanwhile, will develop
unifying theories and test them with data generated by history, archaeology
and
specialized disciplines such as numismatics (the study of ancient coins).
* [11] Arise 'Cliodynamics', Peter Turchin, 08/07/03, DOI:
doi:10.1038/454034a,
Nature
[11] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454034a.html
_________________________________________________________________
02.02. Indirect Social Influence , Science
Excerpts: To what extent are the opinions you hold simply a reflection of the
opinions of those you associate with? Most people like to think that their
opinions are based on their own deliberations. Of course, there are
exceptions.
You may take into account the opinions of others if you believe they are
better
informed. You may even conform to the majority opinion in order to avoid
being
seen as deviant. Studies of how norms and beliefs vary between groups, and
how
they are transmitted from peers or parents, testify to the importance of such
social influence.
* [12] Indirect Social Influence, Jerker Denrell, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI:
10.1126/science.1157667, Science
[12] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/47
_________________________________________________________________
03. Origins Of Life: How Leaky Were Primitive Cells? , Nature
Excerpts: If the first cells were simple vesicles, how did nutrients cross
their membranes without help from transport proteins? A model of a primitive
cell suggests that early membranes were surprisingly permeable. (...) life
began either as an autotrophic organism that used primitive metabolic
pathways
to make its own organic components, or as a heterotroph that incorporated
carbon-containing nutrients already available in the environment. On page 122
of this issue, Mansy et al. weigh in with a laboratory simulation that
supports
a heterotrophic origin of life - a cell-like vesicle that allows small,
organic
'nutrient' molecules to pass through its membrane.
* [13] Origins Of Life: How Leaky Were Primitive Cells?, David W. Deamer,
08/07/03, DOI: doi:10.1038/454037a, Nature
[13] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454037a.html
_________________________________________________________________
03.01. Paleontology: Life's Innovations Let It Diversify, At Least Up To A
Point , Science
Excerpts: Although marine invertebrates had continued to innovate new ways of
making a living, the scientists concluded, total diversity had hardly
increased
in 400 million years. Now the number crunchers have rewritten the prehistory
books again. On page 97, 35 of them--including authors of the original
paper--present a new analysis of the Paleobiology Database, which records
about
3.5 million specimens described in papers of the past century and more. They
conclude that the diversity of marine invertebrates has indeed increased over
time, although far less than some early analysts believed.
* [14] Paleontology: Life's Innovations Let It Diversify, At Least Up To A
Point, Richard A. Kerr, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI: 10.1126/science.321.5885.24a,
Science
[14] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/24a
_________________________________________________________________
04. Ecology: Return Of The Niche , Nature
Excerpts: Two ideas vie for prominence in community ecology - 'niche
partitioning' and 'neutral theory'. A survey of patterns of tree abundance in
tropical forest prompts fresh thinking on their respective effects. (...)
contention, arising from recent modelling work, that stochastic demography
and
dispersal are more important, and that they allow the widespread coexistence
of
species with identical niches. This 'neutral theory' has provided possible
explanations for the occurrence of highly diverse communities that challenge
the traditional view, and has indicated ways to account for them with simple
models.
* [15] Ecology: Return Of The Niche, Mathew A. Leibold, 08/07/03, DOI:
doi:10.1038/454039a, Nature
[15] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454039a.html
_________________________________________________________________
04.01. Selection On Personality In A Songbird Affects Maternal Hormone
Levels ,
Biol. Lett.
Excerpts: The increase or decrease in yolk androgens over the laying sequence
of a clutch in birds may mitigate or enhance, respectively, the disadvantage
of
the last-hatched chicks, providing a potentially adaptive tool to adjust
brood
size to food conditions. This variation may involve a genetic component on
which Darwinian selection can act. We found that two lines of a wild bird
species selected for bold and shy personalities show, respectively, increased
and decreased androgen concentrations over the laying sequence. (...) The
results indicate a correlated response in maternal hormone transfer to
genetic
selection on personality, which relates to ecological conditions.
* [16] Selection On Personality In A Songbird Affects Maternal Hormone Levels
Tuned To Its Effect On Timing Of Reproduction, T. G. G. Groothuis , C.
Carere
, J. Lipar , P. J. Drent , H. Schwabl, 2008/07/01, DOI:
10.1098/rsbl.2008.0258, Biological Letters
* Contributed by [17] Atin Das
[16]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/05374l31333q23l6/?p=abd49bc68d3b41ed89dc2ea7c77b3cc9&pi=4
[17] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
05. The Emergence of Cloud Computing , Data Center Journal
Excerpts: Corporations could learn a good deal from the path of Internet
companies, such as Google and Amazon who have taken a different approach.
They
deliver Web services using unbounded grids of computers, which behave as a
single "cloud computer." Amazon.com, for example, has begun renting compute
time on its cloud, called the Elastic Compute Cloud, or EC2. This offers
virtually unlimited amounts of computing capacity. Individuals subscribe to
the
service and pay for storage and virtual server space on an as-needed
basis. This
supports a range of applications, storage photos, music, buy products and
chat
with friends and family. Amazon.com loads the applications, manages network
access and runs as many systems as the subscriber wants. Cloud computing
models
allow individuals to buy IT on a subscription basis, without the operational
headaches. Unfortunately, large-scale corporations simply cannot go this
route
due to their security requirements. The sensitivity of data prohibits it from
being outsourced.
* [18] The Emergence of Cloud Computing, Ivan Casanova, 08/06/25, Data Center
Journal
[18] http://datacenterjournal.com/content/view/1781/40/
_________________________________________________________________
05.01. The Dangers Of Cloud Computing , InfoWorld
Excerpts: On-demand apps and services have several security risks that IT
should address up front (...) security risks, including perils related to
compliance, availability, and data integrity. Yet many companies don't think
through those risks upfront. For example, having proper failover technology
in
place is a component of securing the cloud that is often overlooked, notes
Josh
Greenbaum, principal at Enterprise Applications Consulting. Yet these same
companies make sure they have failover for established services, like
electricity. "If you look around, go to any major facility, what is sitting
in
a box outside is an alternative power supply. They don't rely on just the
grid," says Greenbaum. He argues that cloud computing should be no different.
* [19] The Dangers Of Cloud Computing, Ephraim Schwartz, 08/07/07, InfoWorld
[19]
http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/07/07/28NF-cloud-computing-security_1.html
_________________________________________________________________
05.02. Should Your Website Be In The Cloud? , e-consultancy
Excerpts: I would recommend that you only evaluate cloud hosting if you meet
one or more of the following criteria: - You run a demanding web application
(...).
- You've experienced sharp, shorter-term traffic "spikes" that have brought
your existing hosting setup to its knees (...).
- You have optimized your web application(...).
- You have found it difficult or cost-prohibitive to scale with your current
hosting setup (...).
- You have enough data to show that you will save money using a cloud
hosting
provider.
* [20] Should Your Website Be In The Cloud?, Patrick Oak, 08/07/07,
e-consultancy
[20]
http://www.e-consultancy.com/news-blog/365925/should-your-website-be-in-the-cloud.html
_________________________________________________________________
05.03. 'Not A Site, But A Concept': Tapping The Power Of Social Networking ,
Knowledge at Wharton
Excerpts: Mini USA, the American branch of BMW's Mini Cooper line, tracks
everything being said about its brand everywhere on line -- in blogs,
discussion groups, forums, MySpace pages and much more -- then uses what it
learns to guide advertising campaigns. (...) These are all examples of
companies savvy enough to participate in the "groundswell," according to
Charlene Li, vice president and principal analyst at Forrester Research. "The
groundswell is a social trend in which people use technologies to get the
things they need from each other, rather than from traditional institutions
like corporations."
* [21] 'Not A Site, But A Concept': Tapping The Power Of Social Networking,
08/07/09, Knowledge at Wharton
[21] http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2009
_________________________________________________________________
05.04. Surveillance Sans Frontieres: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious
Disease
Intelligence and the HealthMap Project , PLOS Medicine
Excerpts: Screenshot of the HealthMap System (http://www.healthmap.org/)
Summary Points
- Valuable information about infectious diseases is found in Web-accessible
information sources such as discussion forums, mailing lists, government Web
sites, and news outlets.
- Web-based electronic information sources can play an important
role in early
event detection and support situational awareness by providing current,
highly
local information about outbreaks, even from areas relatively invisible to
traditional global public health efforts.
- While these sources are potentially useful, information overload and
difficulties in distinguishing -signal from noise- pose substantial barriers
to
fully utilizing this information.
- HealthMap is a freely accessible, automated real-time system that
monitors,
organizes, integrates, filters, visualizes, and disseminates online
information
about emerging diseases.
- The goal of HealthMap is to deliver real-time intelligence on a broad
range
of emerging infectious diseases for a diverse audience, from public health
officials to international travelers.
- Ultimately, the use of news media and other nontraditional sources of
surveillance data can facilitate early outbreak detection, increase public
awareness of disease outbreaks prior to their formal recognition, and provide
an integrated and contextualized view of global health information.
* [22] Surveillance Sans Frontieres: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious
Disease
Intelligence and the HealthMap Project, John S. Brownstein , Clark C.
Freifeld
, Ben Y. Reis , Kenneth D. Mandl, 08/07, DOI:
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151, PLOS Medicine
[22]
http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151
_________________________________________________________________
06. A Picowatt Processor - A Low-Power Chip Could Be Used For Implantable
Medical Sensors. , Technology Review
Excerpts: Pico power: This tiny processor, called the Phoenix, uses 90
percent less energy than the most efficient chip on the market today. It
could
enable implantable medical sensors powered by tiny batteries.
Credit: University of Michigan
The processer uses only about 30 picowatts (a picowatt is one-millionth of
one-millionth of a watt) of power when idle. When active, the processor
consumes only 2.8 picojoules of energy per computing cycle. That amount is
about a tenth of the energy used by the most energy-efficient chips on the
market, (...).
The Michigan team's main idea was to design a chip that runs at an extremely
low voltage. While microprocessors for personal computers may require two
volts
of electricity per operation, the Phoenix only needs 500 millivolts, or 75
percent less.
Editor's Note: This development direction moves closer to the computational
conditions in the brain: Neurons have operating voltages that are a factor of
more than a thousand smaller.
* [23] A Picowatt Processor - A Low-Power Chip Could Be Used For Implantable
Medical Sensors., Kate Greene, 08/07/08, Technology Review
[23] http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/21046/?a=f
_________________________________________________________________
06.01. Nanotubes Hold Promise for Next-Generation Computing , Wired
Excerpts: Carbon nanotubes grown on silicon wafers go in all directions
(right), while nanotubes grown on crystalline quartz are much more orderly,
mostly growing in straight rows (left). Image: Stanford University Department
of Electrical Engineering The trouble is that, until recently, making
nanotubes was a somewhat random affair: You'd mix the required ingredients,
grow a batch of nanotubes, and then sort through the resulting batch to see
what you got. Researchers had no effective way to grow exclusively metallic
or
exclusively semiconducting nanotubes, and even ordering the nanotubes in
regular patterns was a challenge. That has made using nanotubes on an
industrial scale impractical to the point of impossibility. "An ant is
incredibly strong for its size. But nobody uses ants to do useful work,
because
they all run around in different directions," (...).
* [24] Nanotubes Hold Promise for Next-Generation Computing, Dylan Tweney,
08/07/09, Wired
[24] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/07/nanoelectronics
_________________________________________________________________
06.02. AI Beats Human Poker Champions , EE Times
Excerpts: "There are two really big changes in Polaris over last year," said
professor Michael Bowling, who supervised graduate students who programmed
Polaris. "First of all, our poker model is much expanded over last year--its
much harder for humans to exploit weaknesses. And secondly, we have added an
element of learning, where Polaris identifies which common poker stratagy a
human is using and switches its own strategy to counter. This complicated the
human players ability to compare notes, since Polaris chose a different
strategy to use against each of the humans it played," Bowling said.
* [25] AI Beats Human Poker Champions, R. Colin Johnson, 08/07/07, EE Times
[25]
http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=TUMO0MDJH0GJEQSNDLSCKHA?articleID=20880299
_________________________________________________________________
07. Science And Music: The Ear Of The Beholder , Nature
Excerpts: Thanks to technology, we have an unprecedented choice of music to
listen to, and places and times to hear it. Music has never been more
accessible. But never has it been more mysterious and inscrutable. Many
people
say they lack musical skills such as singing, playing an instrument or
composing. A fifth of adults believe they are 'tone deaf', so they don't see
music as something they do; rather, they experience music as something that
is
done to them, something that, at a very deep level, they don't fully
understand.
* [26] Science And Music: The Ear Of The Beholder, John Sloboda, 08/07/03,
DOI:
doi:10.1038/454032a, Nature
[26] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454032a.html
_________________________________________________________________
07.01. Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves , ScienceDaily
Excerpt: Thousands of years later, we can view stone-age art on cave walls,
but
we can't listen to the stone-age music that would have accompanied many of
the
pictures. In many sites, flutes made of bone are to be found nearby. (...)
reports that the most acoustically resonant place in a cave -- where sounds
linger or reverberate the most -- was also often the place where the pictures
were densest. And when the most-resonant spot was located in a very narrow
passageway too difficult for painting, red marks are often found, as if the
resonance maximum had to be signified in some way. (...)
* [27] Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves, 2008/07/05,
ScienceDaily
& American Institute of Physics
* Contributed by [28] Atin Das
[27] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080704130439.htm
[28] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
08. Chaotic Gene Regulatory Networks Can Be Robust Against Mutations And
Noise
, J. Theor. Biol.
Excerpt: Robustness to mutations and noise has been shown to evolve through
stabilizing selection for optimal phenotypes in model gene regulatory
networks.
The ability to evolve robust mutants is known to depend on the network
architecture. How do the dynamical properties and state-space structures of
networks with high and low robustness differ? Does selection operate on the
global dynamical behavior of the networks? What kind of state-space
structures
are favored by selection? We provide damage propagation analysis and an
extensive statistical analysis of state spaces of these model (...). Most
notably, the networks that are most robust to both mutations and noise are
highly chaotic. (...)
* [29] Chaotic Gene Regulatory Networks Can Be Robust Against Mutations And
Noise, [30] V. Sevim, [31] P. A. Rikvold, 2008/07/21, online 2008/03/08, DOI:
10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.03.003, Journal of Theoretical Biology
* Contributed by [32] Pritha Das
[29]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMD-4S0YXVW-2&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F21%2F2008&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236932%232008%23997469997%23693308%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6932&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=23&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=344266dc56cf270c8d4e7678712329d4
[30] mailto:volkan.sevim at duke.edu
[31] mailto:rikvold at scs.fsu.edu
[32] mailto:prithadas01 at yahoo.com
_________________________________________________________________
08.01. Genomics: Billion-Dollar Cancer Mapping Project Steps Forward ,
Science
Excerpts: Leaders of an ambitious effort to find all common mutations in
human
cancers delivered their first results to a U.S. government panel last week
along with a plain message: Their $100 million pilot is paying off. A
sweeping
search for mutations in one cancer--glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor--has
verified known genes and turned up a few new ones, said lead presenter Eric
Lander of the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The data from DNA
sequencing of tumors, combined with other genetic analyses, he said, are
already pointing to potential new therapies to extend the lives of
glioblastoma
patients, who now rarely survive much longer than a year.
* [33] Genomics: Billion-Dollar Cancer Mapping Project Steps Forward, Jocelyn
Kaiser, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI: 10.1126/science.321.5885.26a, Science
[33] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/26a
_________________________________________________________________
09. A Computational Framework For Modelling Solid Tumour Growth , Proc. A:
Math., Phy. & Engg. Sc.
Excerpt: The biology of cancer is a complex interplay of many underlying
processes, taking place at different scales both in space and time. A variety
of theoretical models have been developed, which enable one to study certain
components of the cancerous growth process. However, most previous approaches
only focus on specific aspects of tumour development, largely ignoring the
influence of the evolving tumour environment. In this paper, we present an
integrative framework to simulate tumour growth, including those model
components that are considered to be of major importance. We start by
addressing issues at the tissue level, (...).
* [34] A Computational Framework For Modelling Solid Tumour Growth, B. A.
Lloyd
, D. Szczerba , M. Rudin , G. Sz ely, 2008/07/01, DOI:
10.1098/rspa.2008.0092, Proceedings A: Math., Phy. & Engg. Sc.
* Contributed by [35] Atin Das
[34]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/at6k6k802unu2262/?p=7f0be5bb3aaa421997ec8cf3e5e6b8e6&pi=4
[35] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
09.01. Scientists Find Way To Dim Cancer Switch , Washington Post
Excerpts: The researchers found that by turning down the Myc switch, like
using
a dimmer switch on a lamp, they could shrink tumor cells to normal sizes and
restore their ability to die as they're supposed to. The findings suggest
that
researchers trying to turn off the signal may not need to go that far,
Felsher
said. "Before, we thought there were these switches that you had to turn on
and
off," he said. "Now, we've added a dimmer. To me, that's really exciting."
* [36] Scientists Find Way To Dim Cancer Switch, Randy Dotinga, 08/07/01,
Washington Post
[36]
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/01/AR2008070101536.html
_________________________________________________________________
09.02. 'Smart Bomb' Nanoparticle Strategy Impacts Metastasis , EurekAlert
Excerpts: A new treatment strategy using molecular "smart bombs" to target
metastasis with anti-cancer drugs leads to good results using significantly
lower doses of toxic chemotherapy, with less collateral damage to surrounding
tissue, according to a collaborative team of researchers at the University of
California, San Diego. By designing a "nanoparticle" drug delivery system,
the
UC San Diego team, led by Moores UCSD Cancer Center Director of Translational
Research David Cheresh, Ph.D., has identified a way to target chemotherapy to
achieve a profound impact on metastasis in pancreatic and kidney cancer in
mice. (...) The team found that the nanoparticle/drug combination didn't have
much impact on primary tumors, but stopped pancreatic and kidney cancers from
metastasizing throughout the bodies of mice. They showed that a greatly
reduced
dosage of chemotherapy can achieve the desired effect because the drug
selectively targets the specific blood vessels that feed the cancerous lesion
and kills the lesion without destroying surrounding tissue. The destruction
of
healthy tissue is a side-effect when chemotherapy is administered
systemically,
flooding the body with cancer-killing toxins. "We were able to establish the
desired anti-cancer effect while delivering the drug at levels 15 times below
what is needed when the drug is used systemically," said Cheresh. "Even more
interesting is that the metastatic lesions were more sensitive to this
therapy
than the primary tumor."
* [37] 'Smart Bomb' Nanoparticle Strategy Impacts Metastasis, 08/07/07,
EurekAlert
[37] http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/uoc--bn070208.php
_________________________________________________________________
10. Neuroscience: Predicting Psychosis , Nature
Excerpts: [38] J. Neurosci, 6295 - 6303 (2008)
doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0910-08.2008
Scientists have found a way of predicting how an individual will respond to
the
party drug ketamine and it might help us understand why symptoms of
schizophrenia vary so much between individuals.Ketamine mimics many symptoms
of
schizophrenia.
* [39] Neuroscience: Predicting Psychosis, 08/07/03, DOI:
doi:10.1038/454004b,
Nature
[38] http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0910-08.2008
[39] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454004b.html
_________________________________________________________________
10.01. Brain Chemical Shown To Induce Both Desire And Dread , EurekAlert
Excerpts: Dopamine's opposing effects separated by a few millimeters in the
brain The chemical dopamine induces both desire and dread, (...). Although
dopamine is well known to motivate animals and people to seek positive
rewards,
the study indicates that it also can promote negative feelings like fear. The
finding may help explain why dopamine dysfunction is implicated not only in
drug addiction, which involves excessive desire, but in schizophrenia and
some
phobias, which involve excessive fear. (...) Kent Berridge, PhD, and his
colleagues at the University of Michigan, identified dopamine's dual effect
on
the nucleus accumbens, a brain region that motivates people and animals to
seek
out pleasurable rewards like food, sex, or drugs, but is also involved in
fear.
They found that inhibiting dopamine's normal function prevented the nucleus
accumbens neurons from inducing both rewarding and fearful behaviors,
suggesting that dopamine is important in both.
* [40] Brain Chemical Shown To Induce Both Desire And Dread, 08/07/08,
EurekAlert
[40] http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/sfn-bcs070308.php
_________________________________________________________________
10.02. Sick And Down , Science News
Excerpts: From Sick to DownImmune cells secrete cytokines (shown as red
dots in this simplified drawing, click on image to see larger version) that
trigger inflammatory responses. But when cytokine levels in the brain stay
high
fo too long, people susceptible to mood disorders may develop depression.
Cytokines released in the body may enter the brain directly, by passing
through
leaky areas in the blood-brain barrier, or indirectly by initiating a chain
reaction of "middlemen" that lead to brain cells called microglia releasing
cytokines. Cytokines may alter mood by changing brain processes and levels of
brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine. Synthetic version of
interferon-alpha and interferon-beta, used to treat cancers, hepatitis C and
multiple sclerosis, may engage the same pathway.
Amadeo Bachar To fight off an infection or illness, the body
shifts into a
slow-down mode that mirrors some symptoms of depression. In fact,
scientists now
think the immune response itself may even cause the mood disorder.
(...) Certain
immune proteins in the body appear to mess with the minds of otherwise
healthy,
but depressed people as well. Those who suffer from major depression have
higher levels of cytokines, immune proteins the body makes to fend off
infections and to patrol the body for disease, and which laboratories mimic.
Excess cytokines have also been found lurking in the postmortem brains of
suicide victims. "It raises the issue, how much of how we feel - how much of
who we are as people - is dictated in terms of our immune system?" (...).
* [41] Sick And Down, Amy Maxmen, 08/07/04, Science News
[41] http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/33835/title/Sick_and_down
_________________________________________________________________
11. Neuroscience: The Scale Of Experience , Science
Excerpts: Specific cells in the hippocampus allow the rat brain to track
spatial location at different scales. Most people would not equate
remembering
their way around the neighborhood with remembering their way around the
kitchen, but the same neural mechanisms may be involved in navigating on both
scales. On page 140 in this issue, Kjelstrup et al. (1) show that neurons at
different anatomical positions along the length of the rat hippocampus may
represent location along a continuum of spatial scales.
* [42] Neuroscience: The Scale Of Experience, Michael E. Hasselmo, 08/07/04,
Science
[42] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/46
_________________________________________________________________
11.01. Neuroscience: Transient Dynamics For Neural Processing , Science
Excerpts: Neural networks are complicated dynamical entities, whose
properties
are understood only in the simplest cases. When the complex biophysical
properties of neurons and their connections (synapses) are combined with
realistic connectivity rules and scales, network dynamics are usually
difficult
to predict. Yet, experimental neuroscience is often based on the implicit
premise that the neural mechanisms underlying sensation, perception, and
cognition are well approximated by steady-state measurements (of neuron
activity) or by models in which the behavior of the network is simple (steady
state or periodic). Transient states--ones in which no stable equilibrium is
reached--may sometimes better describe neural network behavior. An intuition
for such properties arises from mathematical and computational modeling of
some
appropriately simple experimental systems.
* [43] Neuroscience: Transient Dynamics For Neural Processing, Misha
Rabinovich
, Ramon Huerta , Gilles Laurent, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI:
10.1126/science.1155564,
Science
[43] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/48
_________________________________________________________________
12. Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of Hippocampal
Circuit
Operations , Science
Excerpts: n the cerebral cortex, diverse types of neurons form intricate
circuits and cooperate in time for the processing and storage of information.
Recent advances reveal a spatiotemporal division of labor in cortical
circuits,
as exemplified in the CA1 hippocampal area. In particular, distinct GABAergic
(...) cell types subdivide the surface of pyramidal cells and act in discrete
time windows, either on the same or on different subcellular compartments.
They
also interact with glutamatergic pyramidal cell inputs in a domain-specific
manner and support synaptic temporal dynamics, network oscillations,
selection
of cell assemblies, and the implementation of brain states. The
spatiotemporal
specializations in cortical circuits reveal that cellular diversity and
temporal dynamics coemerged during evolution, providing a basis for cognitive
behavior.
* [44] Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of Hippocampal
Circuit Operations, Thomas Klausberger, Peter Somogyi, 08/07/04, DOI: DOI:
10.1126/science.1149381, Science
[44] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5885/53
_________________________________________________________________
13. Herculean Device for Molecular Mysteries , NYTimes
Excerpts: Nature
Benoit Roux of the University of Chicago and his team are using a BlueGene/L
supercomputer to look at potassium channels in neurons. ]] A privately
financed team of scientists and engineers is nearing completion of a
special-purpose supercomputer intended to offer more than a thousandfold
increase in performance for complex molecular simulations.
* [45] Herculean Device for Molecular Mysteries, John Markoff, 08/07/08,
NYTimes
[45] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/science/08comp.html
_________________________________________________________________
14. Atmospheric Chemistry: Her Dark Materials , Nature
Excerpts: A glitch in the history of sulphur isotopes could imply that
methane
emitted by the ancient biosphere created a high-altitude photochemical smog,
which governed the climate in a distinctly Gaian way. (...) In the authors'
model, the action of ultraviolet light on methane produces a high-altitude
hydrocarbon haze akin to the photochemical smog that shrouds Saturn's moon
Titan. They argue that the sooty skies and methane-dependent climate were
maintained by feedback with the primitive biosphere - an example of Gaian
management.
* [46] Atmospheric Chemistry: Her Dark Materials, Kevin Zahnle, 08/07/03,
DOI:
doi:10.1038/454041a, Nature
[46] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/454041a.html
_________________________________________________________________
15. Fitting Food For Physics , Physicworld.com
Excerpts: Fish 'n' chips at the seaside is a British tradition.
Physicists
in Brazil believe that such "national dishes" are unlikely to be displaced by
foods from afar. (Courtesy: Andrew Dunn). Culinary xenophobes take note:
your favourite national dish is unlikely to be pushed off the menu by exotic
recipes from afar. That's the conclusion of physicists in Brazil who have
applied statistical methods to cookery books from different countries and
different eras in the name of interdisciplinary science. The study, (...),
also
suggests that the average number of ingredients per recipe is similar between
countries (about 7-10) and has remained constant over time. (...) "Having
observed that culinary ingredients and recipes constitute a bipartite
network,
just like actors and films do, we realized they can be modelled using tools
from mathematics and physics," (...). For each they ranked ingredients
according to how often they appeared, and then plotted the number of recipes
in
which each ingredient appears as a function of decreasing rank (...).
* [47] Fitting Food For Physics, 08/07/10, Physicworld.com
[47] http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/34975
_________________________________________________________________
16. Recipe For An Avalanche , Science News
Excerpts: Look out below
A slab avalanche begins, as seen from a distance. The release was
triggered by
a field worker on skis moving near the top of the rounded ridge seen in the
upper left corner of the picture.
A. Duclos, www.data-avalanche.org Forecasting a snow avalanche takes
more
than measuring the angle of a mountain slope, researchers report in the [48]
July 11 Science. Whether an avalanche happens might also depend on how the
snow
cracks and collapses, the study suggests. "The new theory could be a
breakthrough in understanding what is going on at the very moment when an
avalanche begins," (...). It "gives hints on what snow properties to look for
to anticipate the risk of triggering a slab avalanche." Slab avalanches are
the
most common and most dangerous because a slab of snow breaks loose and
cascades
to the slope's bottom. By modeling this avalanche type the team found that
snow
fractures much easier than previously thought. Also, friction between snow
layers may be more important in avalanche dynamics than once thought.
* [49] Recipe For An Avalanche, Ashley Yeager, 08/07/10, Science News
[48] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/321/5886/240 target=new
[49]
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34015/title/Recipe_for_an_avalanche
_________________________________________________________________
17. Reincarnation Can Save Schrodinger's Cat - Physicists Reverse
Quantum-Classical Transition. , Nature
Excerpts: However, a more recent interpretation of quantum mechanics,
'decoherence theory', suggests that collapse does not occur instantaneously.
Instead it plays out gradually as the quantum system slowly interacts with
its
environment (see Nature 453, [50] 22-25; 2008). In 2006, Alexander Korotkov
of
the University of California, Riverside, and Andrew Jordan, of the University
of Rochester in New York, proposed that this may leave open a time period in
which experimenters could intervene to halt the collapse (A. N. Korotkov, A.
N.
Jordan Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, [51] 166805; 2006). They provided blueprints for
an
experiment to test the idea, which Katz, Korotkov and their colleagues have
now
done.
* [52] Reincarnation Can Save Schrodinger's Cat - Physicists Reverse
Quantum-Classical Transition., Zeeya Merali, 08/07/03, DOI:
doi:10.1038/454008a, Nature
[50] http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/453022a
[51] http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.166805
[52] http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080702/full/454008a.html
_________________________________________________________________
18. Spatial Cooperativity In Soft Glassy Flows , Nature
Excerpts: Amorphous glassy materials of diverse nature - concentrated
emulsions, granular materials, pastes, molecular glasses - display complex
flow
properties, intermediate between solid and liquid, which are at the root of
their use in many applications. A general feature of such systems, well
documented yet not really understood, is the strongly nonlinear nature of the
flow rule relating stresses and strain rates. Here we use a microfluidic
velocimetry technique to characterize the flow of thin layers of concentrated
emulsions, confined in gaps of different thicknesses by surfaces of different
roughnesses.
* [53] Spatial Cooperativity In Soft Glassy Flows, J. Goyon , A. Colin , G.
Ovarlez , A. Ajdari , L. Bocquet, 08/07/03, DOI: doi:10.1038/nature07026,
Nature
[53] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7200/full/nature07026.html
_________________________________________________________________
19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
_________________________________________________________________
19.01. Radical Web Of Islam's Terror , National Post
Excerpts: A new generation of Islamist terrorists is connecting through the
Internet, not al-Qaeda. Their lack of central organization makes them even
more
terrifying than their forebears. (...) Tsouli's online username, as they
discovered, was "Irhabi007" ("Terrorist007" in Arabic). It was a moniker well
known to international counterterrorism officials. Since 2004, this young
man,
with no history of radical activity, had become one of the world's most
influential propagandists in jihadi chat rooms. It had been the online images
of the war in Iraq that first radicalized him. He began spending his days
creating and hacking dozens of Web sites in order to upload videos of
beheadings and suicide bombings in Iraq and post links to the texts of
bomb-making manuals. From his bedroom in London, he eventually became a
crucial
global organizer of online terrorist networks, guiding others to jihadist
sites
where they could learn the deadly craft. Ultimately, he attracted the
attention
of the late leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. When British
police discovered this young IT student in his London flat, he was serving as
Zarqawi's public relations mouthpiece on the Web.
* [54] Radical Web Of Islam's Terror, Marc Sageman, 08/07/08, National Post
[54] http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=638703
_________________________________________________________________
20. Links & Snippets
_________________________________________________________________
20.01. Other Publications
- Boffins Charm Rubber Snake For Wave Power: Anaconda Device Consists Of A
Rubber Tube Closed At Both Ends And Filled With Water, 2008/07/03, vnunet.com
- Get Smart About What You Eat And You Might Actually Improve Your
Intelligence: MIT Researchers Offer Tantalizing Evidence On How To Make
People
Smarter, Naturally, 2008/07/07, Innovations-report
- A Bitter Pill To Swallow, 2008/07/03, Innovations-report
- Competing To Use "Green" Words, 2008/07/04, Innovations-report
- Odour Character Differences For Enantiomers Correlate With Molecular
Flexibility, 2008/07/02, Interface, DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0165
- When Using Gestures, Rules Of Grammar Remain The Same, 2008/07/07,
ScienceDaily & University of Chicago
- Mobile Users Make Same Mistakes As Disabled PC Users, 2008/07/02,
ScienceDaily & University of Manchester
- Prevalence Of Religious Congregations Affects Mortality Rates, 2008/07/03,
ScienceDaily & Louisiana State University
- 'Mind's Eye' Influences Visual Perception, 2008/07/04, ScienceDaily &
Vanderbilt University
- The Food Retail Revolution In Poor Countries: Is It Coming Or Is It Over?,
Jul. 2008, Economic Development and Cultural Change, DOI: 10.1086/588168
- Why Children Work, Attend School, Or Stay Idle: The Roles Of Ability And
Household Wealth, Jul. 2008, Economic Development and Cultural Change, DOI:
10.1086/588165
- A Vanilla Vanilla, 08/06/18, Science News
- Girl Athletes' Energy Crisis, 08/06/17, Science News
- Genetics: The Genetics Of Anarchy, 08/07/03, Nature, DOI:
doi:10.1038/454004c
- Acoustics: Fiddling The Numbers, 08/07/03, Nature, DOI: doi:10.1038/454005c
- Phylogenetic Signal in the Eukaryotic Tree of Life, 08/07/04, Science
- Sporadic Autonomic Dysregulation and Death Associated with Excessive
Serotonin Autoinhibition, 08/07/04, Nature
- Finite Scale of Spatial Representation in the Hippocampus, 08/07/04,
Science
- Microwave Ray Gun Controls Crowds With Noise, 08/07/03, NewScientist
_________________________________________________________________
20.02. Webcast Announcements
_________________________________________________________________
20.03. Conference Announcements
[55]
7th Intl Summer School and Conf "Let's Face Chaos through Nonlinear
Dynamics",
Maribor, Slovenia, 08/06/29-07/13
From Animals To Animats 10 - The 10th Intl Conf on the Simulation Of
Adaptive
Behavior (SAB'08), Osaka, Japan, 08/07/07-12
[56]
Complex Systems and Social Simulations, CEU Summer University, Budapest,
Hungary, 08/07/07-18
2008 Gordon Research Conf on Oscillations & Dynamic Instabilities
in Chemical Systems, Waterville, ME, 08/07/13-18
Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics Models, Udine, Italy, 08/07/14-18
[57]
1st Intl Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics and Synchronization
(INDS 08), Klagenfurt, Austria, 08/07/18-19
[58]
Scratch at MIT,Cambridge, MA, 08/07/24-26
[59]
8th Intl Conf on Epigenetic Robotics:
Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Brighton, UK,
08/07/31-08/02
On the Edge: Healthcare in the Age of Complexity,
Kansas City, MO, 08/08/03-05
Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences
18th Annl Intl Conf, Richmond, Virginia, USA, 08/08/08-10
Stochastic Resonance 2008, Perugia, Italy, 08/08/17-21
4th Intl Conf on Natural Computation (ICNC'08) - 5th Intl Conf on Fuzzy
Systems
and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'08),
Jinan, China, 08/08/25-27
Intl Conf DEscribing COmplex Systems (DECOS), Zadar,
Croatia, 08/09/03-07
BICS Conference - Emergence in Complex Systems,
Bath, UK, 08/09/09-11
5th European
Conference on Complex Systems, Jerusalem, Israel, 08/09/14-19
EPOS 2008, III Edition of Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation, Lisbon,
Portugal, 08/10/02-03
The 1st Intl Conf on the Evolution and Development of the Universe., Paris,
France, 08/10/08-09
International Congress on Complex Thought, Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico,
08/10/21-24
2nd Intl Congress of Complex Systems in Sport (2nd ICCSS) and 10th European
Workshop of Ecological Psychology. (10th EWEP), Funchal, in Madeira Island,
Portugal, 08/11/05-08
2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on
Web Intelligence (WI-08), Sydney, Australia, 08/12/09-12
COMPLEX'2009, First Intl Conf on Complex Systems: Theory and Applications,
Shanghai, China, 09/02/23-25
[55] http://www.camtp.uni-mb.si/chaos/2008/ TARGET=new
[56] http://www.sun.ceu.hu/complex-systems/ TARGET=new
[57] http://inds08.uni-klu.ac.at/ TARGET=new
[58] http://scratch.mit.edu/conference/ TARGET=new
[59] http://www.epigenetic-robotics.org TARGET=new
_________________________________________________________________
20.04. Other Announcements
A short notice from Dean LeBaron
Dear ComDig Readers,
Our editor, Dr. Gottfried Mayer, is affectionately esteemed by many of you --
as readers, you know he devotes himself unselfishly to widening our knowledge
of complexity science. He was recently diagnosed with advanced colon cancer
and
given a timetable of a very few years. Knowing Gottfried, you can imagine
that,
in addition to the customary processes of chemotherapy, he would explore
other
frontier therapies, especially those arising out of interdisciplinary
applications of complexity. These are expensive ... if he can find them.
Many of you have sent your good wishes and indicated your desire to assist.
With Gottfried permission, I am posting this note with information, below,
about how to send contributions to him. Please indicate the source since
Gottfried will want to express his warm gratitude.
I know that Gottfried, the good scientist that he is, will explain from time
to
time what he is doing and what the results are ... and we will follow his
progress with great interest and hope.
Dean LeBaron
Publisher, Complexity Digest
Bank Information:
If your contribution is made by check:
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Ref. Gottfried Mayer
_________________________________________________________________
[60]Complexity Digest is an independent publication available to
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