[tt] Next Big Future - 3 new articles

Eugen Leitl <eugen at leitl.org> on Tue Jul 15 08:17:33 UTC 2008

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Subject: Next Big Future - 3 new articles
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"[2]Next Big Future" - 3 new articles

    1. [3]Helicos Biosciences direct DNA sequencing
    2. [4]Status of electric bikes and scooters
    3. [5]Casimir force was reduced by 30 to 40%
    4. [6]More Recent Articles
    5. [7]Search Next Big Future

[8]Helicos Biosciences direct DNA sequencing

   [9]Helicos True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS) technology has a
   device that images billions of single molecules per run and produces
   over 2 Gigabases of sequence data per day - a throughput performance
   almost 100X greater than Sanger methods, and faster than any of the
   "next-generation" methodologies. 
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   [16]The HeliScope Sequencer currently delivers throughputs of 25 - 90
   million usable bases per hour, depending on the application with 99.4%
   accuracy.
   To achieve a higher level of sequence accuracy unmatched by any other
   technology. Helicos has developed a method for sequencing each single
   molecule template multiple times. This novel sequencing approach
   enables researchers to generate data sets with a high degree of
   accuracy.
   FURTHER READING
   [17]MIT Technology review has an article covering Helicos Biosciences
   and their technology

     With the Helicos technology, the DNA to be sequenced is first
     chopped into short pieces about 200 bases long and injected into a
     flow cell, a specialized glass slide. The flow cell is coated with
     tiny snippets of DNA that are designed to snag the fragments as
     they float by, anchoring them in place. The immobilized pieces of
     DNA are fluorescently labeled so that their position under a
     fluorescence microscope can be recorded by a camera. Nearly a
     billion pieces of DNA can be analyzed in a single sequencing
     experiment, compared with about 400,000 to 50 million for other
     technologies.
     The flow cell is then nestled into the HeliScope, where the
     microscope sits ensconced in 400 pounds of Vermont granite.
     Other advanced sequencing methods use a similar approach, known as
     sequencing by synthesis. But unlike those technologies, the
     HeliScope can distinguish the unamplified fluorescent signal of a
     single base taking its place on a growing DNA strand. One key to
     that ability is a nonstick material that the company developed,
     which coats the surface of the flow cell and allows it to be washed
     clean between reactions: residual fluorescent bases would make it
     more difficult to accurately detect individual sequencing
     reactions.
     It takes five to ten days to read all the DNA that can be loaded
     into two flow cells; for sequencing, that's 400 million strands of
     DNA per cell, which can generate 20 billion bases' worth of usable
     sequence.
     Helicos is still tinkering with the technology, developing
     chemistry that could boost the speed of the sequencing reactions
     and allow more pieces of DNA to be anchored to a flow cell. Along
     with the other major players in the field, the company hopes to
     deliver a complete genome sequence for $1,000, an accomplishment
     that would mark the beginning of something totally new in medicine:
     individuals' ability to access their own genomic information

   FURTHER READING
   [18]A Jan 2008 article that compares several leading DNA sequencing
   approaches The Helioscope is estimated to cost $75,000 to $100,000 and
   take six to eight weeks to sequence an entire human genome. The price
   of the Helicos Genetic Analysis System, including the HeliScope, is
   $1.35 million.
   [19]Helicos Bioscience 8K filing for 2008 talks about $1000 genome
   prospects
   [20]$100 genome sequencing technology is being pursued
   In April 2008, researchers were indicating the need to develop chips
   with many more channels, so that multiple genomes' worth of DNA can be
   sequenced simultaneously and being able to quickly place long dna
   sequences in those channels.
   [21]The japanese development of long DNA sequence handling with
   microscopic DNA sewing components is likely a big step to enabling
   effective handling of the long sequences.

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[39]Status of electric bikes and scooters

   Folding electric bike made in China. the Wisper works 805FE
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   [46]Bicycle industry reports that electric bike sales in 2007 reached
   21 million units, a 10 percent uptick from the previous year but below
   the heady growth rates of recent years as a shakeout forced hundreds
   of e-bike factories to close. China exported about 350,000 e-bikes,
   according to the China Bicycle Association.
   China is the world's largest bicycle producer and is the world's
   biggest bicycle market, even as China's surging middle class rushes to
   buy status-conscious automobiles. Domestic sales in 2007 totaled 28
   million, a decline of 3.8 percent from 2006. China's bicycle exports
   rose 5.7 percent in 2007 to 59 million units, with half of those
   exports children's bicycles (wheels under 22 inches). 24 of every 25
   bicycles sold in the United States are made in China.
   [47]14 page report from 2005 on China's electric bike and scooter
   market.
   21 million e-bikes in 2007
   19 million e-bikes in 2006.
   With the build up in e-bikes up to 2005 then there were probably 60
   million e-bikes and scooters at the end of 2007. There will likely be
   83-90 million e-bikes and scooters worldwide by the end of 2008.
   [48]This site has coverd electric bikes and scooters before.
   [49]An article with a review of folding electric bikes
   A Dahon Mu P3 custom-fitted with a BionX electric assist motor in
   folded configuration
   [50]Open the Future had noted the problem of bicycle usage in hot
   weather Many environmentalists hope for bicycles to be the future of
   transportation.
   [51]100 million peddle bike sales worldwide. China has 450 million
   peddle bike users. So electric bikes and scooters are 20-25% of the
   amount of adoption as peddle bikes in China.
   There have been about 40,000 segways sold since 2001.
   The Aptera and other enclosed suped up three wheel scooters for 300
   mile range e-bikes/cars. They are a cars with bicycle characteristics
   in terms of wheel thickness.
   XP vehicles targetting inflatable electric cars with one model $2500.
   Light like an e-bike. Safe by riding around in something like car
   airbags. These electric vehciles would be climate controlled with air
   conditioning.
   [52]Electric scooters are also used by the elderly and those who are
   mobility impaired.
   FURTHER READING
   [53]A list of folding electric bikes made in China
   [54]Walmart sells a folding bike for $124 and it weighs 23 pounds
   [55]Electric bike conversion kits for $250-700+
   So a converted folding electric bike for $400 or less is a reasonable
   option.
   [56]A blog on innovative bicycle design
   [57]the RoboScooter is the outcome of a collaboration involving SYM
   (Sanyang Motors), ITRI (Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research
   Institute), and the Smart Cities group of the MIT Media Laboratory,
   led by Professor William J. Mitchell. 
   The RoboScooter is a lightweight, folding, electric motor scooter. It
   is designed to provide convenient, inexpensive mobility in urban areas
   while radically reducing the negative effects of extensive vehicle use
   - road congestion, excessive consumption of space for parking, traffic
   noise, air pollution, carbon emissions that exacerbate global warming,
   and energy use. It is clean, green, silent, and compact.

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[75]Casimir force was reduced by 30 to 40%

   Caption: A scanning electron micrograph, taken with an electron
   microscope, shows the comb-like structure of a metal plate at the
   center of newly published University of Florida research on quantum
   physics. UF physicists found that corrugating the plate reduced the
   Casimir force, a quantum force that draws together very close objects.
   The discovery could prove useful as tiny "microelectromechanical"
   systems -- so-called MEMS devices that are already used in a wide
   array of consumer products -- become so small they are affected by
   quantum forces. Credit: Yiliang Bao and Jie Zoue/University of Florida
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   [82]the physicists radically altered the shape of the metal plates,
   corrugating them into evenly spaced trenches so that they resembled a
   kind of three-dimensional comb. They then compared the Casimir forces
   generated by these corrugated objects with those generated by standard
   plates, all also against a metal sphere. The finding could one day
   help reduce what MEMS engineers call "stiction" -- when two very
   small, very close objects tend to stick together.
   Manipulating the casimir force using the shape of the microscale and
   nanoscale structures seems to indicicate that active molecular
   nanotechnology structures would have far more control of the casimir
   force.
   The Casimir force is the result of virtual particles. Seemingly empty
   space is not actually empty but contains virtual particles associated
   with fluctuating electromagnetic fields. These particles push the
   plates from both the inside and the outside. However, only virtual
   particles of shorter wavelengths -- in the quantum world, particles
   exist simultaneously as waves -- can fit into the space between the
   plates, so that the outward pressure is slightly smaller than the
   inward pressure. The result is the plates are forced together.

     The result? "The force is smaller for the corrugated object but not
     as small as we anticipated," Chan said, adding that if corrugating
     the metal reduced its total area by half, the Casimir force was
     reduced by only 30 to 40 percent.
     Chan said the experiment shows that it is not possible to simply
     add the force on the constituent solid parts of the plate -- in
     this case, the tines -- to arrive at the total force. Rather, he
     said, "the force actually depends on the geometry of the object."
     "Until now, no significant or nontrivial corrections to the Casimir
     force due to boundary conditions have been observed
     experimentally," wrote Lamoreaux, now at Yale University, in a
     commentary accompanying publication of the paper.

   FURTHER READING
   [83]Measurement of the Casimir Force between a Gold Sphere and a
   Silicon Surface with Nanoscale Trench Arrays is the article in fournal
   of Physical Review Letters.

     We report measurements of the Casimir force between a gold sphere
     and a silicon surface with an array of nanoscale, rectangular
     corrugations using a micromechanical torsional oscillator. At
     distances between 150 and 500 nm, the measured force shows
     significant deviations from the pairwise additive formulism,
     demonstrating the strong dependence of the Casimir force on the
     shape of the interacting bodies. The observed deviation, however,
     is smaller than the calculated values for perfectly conducting
     surfaces, possibly due to the interplay between finite conductivity
     and geometry effects.

   Harvard and University of California Mainstream Casimir researchers
   [84]Umar Mohideen, prof of physics at the University of California at
   Riverside, has been researching the Casimir force
   [85]The Capasso group at Harvard have also been working on
   manipulating the casimir force
   The advance by the University of Florida gives hope and credibility to
   extreme technology that is possible with the ability to reduce or
   amplify or reverse the casimir force at will:
   Interstellartech Corp: Trying to use Casimir force to extract power
   [86]Fabrizio Pinto published in the Journal of Physics A: Mathematical
   and Theoretical on Membrane actuation by Casimir force manipulation.
   [87]Fabrizio Pinto is part of Interstellar Tech corp has been looking
   into trying to trying to create an engine by making use of the Casimir
   force. [88]No Casimir force-based engine cycle could be devised if one
   assumed a constant Casimir force. 
   Areas of emphasis are:
   1. Casimir force modulation; [now demonstrated by the Univerisity of
   Florida]
   2. Repulsive Casimir force; [[89]Prof Ulf Leonhardt and Dr Thomas
   Philbin 2007 report]
   3. Lateral Casimir force;
   4. Casimir force amplification
   5. Energy issues in relation to the quantum vacuum.
   [90]One can implement a Casimir system engine cycle to transform
   thermal or optical energy into mechanical or electrical energy.
   [91]The Interstellar Tech corp proposal for the Transvacer device.
   They describe a casimir force-based engine where zero-point energy is
   transformed into mechanical energy.
   The critical concept at the core of our idealized Casimir engine is
   the well-established fact that, in the realistic case of a material
   that is not a perfect conductor, the magnitude of the Casimir force at
   any distance between the plates depends on the detailed optical
   properties of the boundaries. That is, any process that can alter the
   reflectivity of the material, also affects the value of the Casimir
   force at any distance.
   Nasa study from 2004 on Casimir force Space Propulsion
   [92]A 57 page study of using "Study of Vacuum Energy Physics for
   Breakthrough Propulsion"
   G. Jordan Maclay, Quantum Fields LLC, Wisconsin
   Jay Hammer and Rod Clark, MEMS Optical, Inc. Alabama
   Michael George, Yeong Kim, and Asit Kir, University of Alabama
   4. Gedanken Vacuum Powered Spacecraft (on page 30)

     A Gedanken spacecraft is described that is propelled by means of
     the dynamic Casimir effect, which describes the emission of real
     photons when a conducting surface is moved in the vacuum with a
     high acceleration. The maintenance of the required boundary
     conditions at the moving surface requires the emission of real
     photons, sometimes described as the excitation of the vacuum. The
     recoil momentum from the photon exerts a force on the surface,
     causing an acceleration. If one imagines the moving surface is
     attached to a spacecraft, then the spacecraft will experience a net
     acceleration. Thus we have a propellantless spacecraft. However, we
     do have to provide the energy to operate the vibrating mirror. In
     principle, it is possible to obtain this power from the quantum
     vacuum, and this possibility is explored. Unfortunately with the
     current understanding and materials, the acceleration due to the
     dynamic Casimir effect is very small, on the edge of measurability.
     One of the objectives in this paper is to demonstrate that some of
     the unique properties of the quantum vacuum may be utilized in a
     gedanken spacecraft. We have demonstrated that it is possible, in
     principal, to cause a spacecraft to accelerate due to the
     dissipative force an accelerated mirror experiences when photons
     are generated from the quantum vacuum.
     Further we have shown that one could in principal utilize energy
     fromthe vacuum fluctuations to operate such a vibrating mirror
     assembly. The application of the dynamic Casimir effect and the
     static Casimir effect may be regarded as a proof of principal, with
     the hope that the proven feasibility will stimulate more practical
     approaches exploiting known or as yet unknown features of the
     quantum vacuum. A model gedanken spacecraft with a single vibrating
     mirror was proposed which showed a very unimpressive acceleration
     due to the dynamic Casimir effect of about 3x10 -20m/ s2 with a
     very inefficient conversion of total energy expended into
     spacecraft kinetic energy. Employing a set of vibrating mirrors to
     form a parallel plate cavity increases the output by a factor of
     the finesse of the cavity, 10**10, yielding an acceleration per
     meter squared of plate area of about 3x10 -10m/ s2 and a conversion
     efficiency of about 10 -16. After 10 years at this acceleration, a
     one square meter spacecraft would be traveling at 0.1m/ s. Although
     these results are rather unimpressive, it is important to remember
     this is a proof of the principal, and to not take our conclusions
     regarding the final velocity in our simplified models too
     seriously. The choice of numerical parameters is a best guess based
     on current knowledge and can easily affect the final result by 5
     orders of magnitude.

   2006 paper cited by Calphysics reviewing Quantum Vacuum energy
   extraction
   [93]A 2006 review of carefully selected proposals for extracting
   energy from a quantum vacuum field

     We review concepts that provide an experimental framework for
     exploring the possibility and limitations of accessing energy from
     the space vacuum environment. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) and
     stochastic electrodynamics (SED) are the theoretical approaches
     guiding this experimental investigation. This investigation
     explores the question of whether the quantum vacuum field contains
     useful energy that can be exploited for applications under the
     action of a catalyst, or cavity structure, so that energy
     conservation is not violated. This is similar to the same technical
     problem at about the same level of technology as that faced by
     early nuclear energy pioneers who searched for, and successfully
     discovered, the unique material structure that caused the release
     of nuclear energy via the neutron chain reaction.
     Credentialed scientists interested in seriously pursuing a
     laboratory investigation of the vacuum ZPF should be forewarned
     that many of the claims being made in the non-peer-reviewed
     literature are fraught with pathological science, fraud,
     misinformation, disinformation, and spurious physics. This is the
     reason why the present authors were very selective about which ZPE
     extraction approaches to consider for our research program.
     We identified six experiments that have the potential to extract
     useful energy from the vacuum. One of these, Forward's
     Vacuum-Fluctuation Battery, was shown to be unsuitable for
     completing an engine cycle for pumping energy from the vacuum. The
     efficacy of the Mead and Nachamkin patent device has not yet been
     evaluated in the lab. However, four additional experimental
     concepts are potentially exploitable and we have selected those to
     pursue in a carefully guided theoretical and laboratory research
     program. The estimated power output from three of these concepts
     could under optimum conditions range from Watts to kiloWatts

   2007 work: Reversing the casimir force with metamaterials
   [94]Prof Ulf Leonhardt and Dr Thomas Philbin report in the New Journal
   of Physics they can engineer the Casimir force to repel, rather than
   attact. 
   [95]Prof Ulf Leonhardt page on leviation using Casimir forces
   [96]Quantum levitation by left-handed metamaterials

     Left-handed metamaterials make perfect lenses that image classical
     electromagnetic fields with significantly higher resolution than
     the diffraction limit. Here, we consider the quantum physics of
     such devices. We show that the Casimir force of two conducting
     plates may turn from attraction to repulsion if a perfect lens is
     sandwiched between them. For optical left-handed metamaterials,
     this repulsive force of the quantum vacuum may levitate ultra-thin
     mirrors.

   Random other Casimir and Zero point energy related
   [97]A page on the casimir force and zero point energy
   [98]Over 1000 papers related to casimir effects and forces at arxiv
   [99]2007 paper suggesting that the Casimir force is the result of
   surface plasmons and that manipulating surface plasmons would
   manipulate the Casimir force Metamaterials manipulate plasmons.
   [100]Zero point energy at wikipedia
   Many fictional references including: The Zero-Point Energy Field
   Manipulator, or "gravity gun" is a fictional weapon from the video
   game Half-Life 2.
   Stargate SG1 and Stargate Atlantis refer to Zero point modules.

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----- End forwarded message -----
-- 
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A  7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE

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