[tt] Next Big Future - 3 new articles
Eugen Leitl
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Tue Jul 15 08:17:33 UTC 2008
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Subject: Next Big Future - 3 new articles
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"[2]Next Big Future" - 3 new articles
1. [3]Helicos Biosciences direct DNA sequencing
2. [4]Status of electric bikes and scooters
3. [5]Casimir force was reduced by 30 to 40%
4. [6]More Recent Articles
5. [7]Search Next Big Future
[8]Helicos Biosciences direct DNA sequencing
[9]Helicos True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS) technology has a
device that images billions of single molecules per run and produces
over 2 Gigabases of sequence data per day - a throughput performance
almost 100X greater than Sanger methods, and faster than any of the
"next-generation" methodologies.
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[16]The HeliScope Sequencer currently delivers throughputs of 25 - 90
million usable bases per hour, depending on the application with 99.4%
accuracy.
To achieve a higher level of sequence accuracy unmatched by any other
technology. Helicos has developed a method for sequencing each single
molecule template multiple times. This novel sequencing approach
enables researchers to generate data sets with a high degree of
accuracy.
FURTHER READING
[17]MIT Technology review has an article covering Helicos Biosciences
and their technology
With the Helicos technology, the DNA to be sequenced is first
chopped into short pieces about 200 bases long and injected into a
flow cell, a specialized glass slide. The flow cell is coated with
tiny snippets of DNA that are designed to snag the fragments as
they float by, anchoring them in place. The immobilized pieces of
DNA are fluorescently labeled so that their position under a
fluorescence microscope can be recorded by a camera. Nearly a
billion pieces of DNA can be analyzed in a single sequencing
experiment, compared with about 400,000 to 50 million for other
technologies.
The flow cell is then nestled into the HeliScope, where the
microscope sits ensconced in 400 pounds of Vermont granite.
Other advanced sequencing methods use a similar approach, known as
sequencing by synthesis. But unlike those technologies, the
HeliScope can distinguish the unamplified fluorescent signal of a
single base taking its place on a growing DNA strand. One key to
that ability is a nonstick material that the company developed,
which coats the surface of the flow cell and allows it to be washed
clean between reactions: residual fluorescent bases would make it
more difficult to accurately detect individual sequencing
reactions.
It takes five to ten days to read all the DNA that can be loaded
into two flow cells; for sequencing, that's 400 million strands of
DNA per cell, which can generate 20 billion bases' worth of usable
sequence.
Helicos is still tinkering with the technology, developing
chemistry that could boost the speed of the sequencing reactions
and allow more pieces of DNA to be anchored to a flow cell. Along
with the other major players in the field, the company hopes to
deliver a complete genome sequence for $1,000, an accomplishment
that would mark the beginning of something totally new in medicine:
individuals' ability to access their own genomic information
FURTHER READING
[18]A Jan 2008 article that compares several leading DNA sequencing
approaches The Helioscope is estimated to cost $75,000 to $100,000 and
take six to eight weeks to sequence an entire human genome. The price
of the Helicos Genetic Analysis System, including the HeliScope, is
$1.35 million.
[19]Helicos Bioscience 8K filing for 2008 talks about $1000 genome
prospects
[20]$100 genome sequencing technology is being pursued
In April 2008, researchers were indicating the need to develop chips
with many more channels, so that multiple genomes' worth of DNA can be
sequenced simultaneously and being able to quickly place long dna
sequences in those channels.
[21]The japanese development of long DNA sequence handling with
microscopic DNA sewing components is likely a big step to enabling
effective handling of the long sequences.
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[39]Status of electric bikes and scooters
Folding electric bike made in China. the Wisper works 805FE
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[46]Bicycle industry reports that electric bike sales in 2007 reached
21 million units, a 10 percent uptick from the previous year but below
the heady growth rates of recent years as a shakeout forced hundreds
of e-bike factories to close. China exported about 350,000 e-bikes,
according to the China Bicycle Association.
China is the world's largest bicycle producer and is the world's
biggest bicycle market, even as China's surging middle class rushes to
buy status-conscious automobiles. Domestic sales in 2007 totaled 28
million, a decline of 3.8 percent from 2006. China's bicycle exports
rose 5.7 percent in 2007 to 59 million units, with half of those
exports children's bicycles (wheels under 22 inches). 24 of every 25
bicycles sold in the United States are made in China.
[47]14 page report from 2005 on China's electric bike and scooter
market.
21 million e-bikes in 2007
19 million e-bikes in 2006.
With the build up in e-bikes up to 2005 then there were probably 60
million e-bikes and scooters at the end of 2007. There will likely be
83-90 million e-bikes and scooters worldwide by the end of 2008.
[48]This site has coverd electric bikes and scooters before.
[49]An article with a review of folding electric bikes
A Dahon Mu P3 custom-fitted with a BionX electric assist motor in
folded configuration
[50]Open the Future had noted the problem of bicycle usage in hot
weather Many environmentalists hope for bicycles to be the future of
transportation.
[51]100 million peddle bike sales worldwide. China has 450 million
peddle bike users. So electric bikes and scooters are 20-25% of the
amount of adoption as peddle bikes in China.
There have been about 40,000 segways sold since 2001.
The Aptera and other enclosed suped up three wheel scooters for 300
mile range e-bikes/cars. They are a cars with bicycle characteristics
in terms of wheel thickness.
XP vehicles targetting inflatable electric cars with one model $2500.
Light like an e-bike. Safe by riding around in something like car
airbags. These electric vehciles would be climate controlled with air
conditioning.
[52]Electric scooters are also used by the elderly and those who are
mobility impaired.
FURTHER READING
[53]A list of folding electric bikes made in China
[54]Walmart sells a folding bike for $124 and it weighs 23 pounds
[55]Electric bike conversion kits for $250-700+
So a converted folding electric bike for $400 or less is a reasonable
option.
[56]A blog on innovative bicycle design
[57]the RoboScooter is the outcome of a collaboration involving SYM
(Sanyang Motors), ITRI (Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research
Institute), and the Smart Cities group of the MIT Media Laboratory,
led by Professor William J. Mitchell.
The RoboScooter is a lightweight, folding, electric motor scooter. It
is designed to provide convenient, inexpensive mobility in urban areas
while radically reducing the negative effects of extensive vehicle use
- road congestion, excessive consumption of space for parking, traffic
noise, air pollution, carbon emissions that exacerbate global warming,
and energy use. It is clean, green, silent, and compact.
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[75]Casimir force was reduced by 30 to 40%
Caption: A scanning electron micrograph, taken with an electron
microscope, shows the comb-like structure of a metal plate at the
center of newly published University of Florida research on quantum
physics. UF physicists found that corrugating the plate reduced the
Casimir force, a quantum force that draws together very close objects.
The discovery could prove useful as tiny "microelectromechanical"
systems -- so-called MEMS devices that are already used in a wide
array of consumer products -- become so small they are affected by
quantum forces. Credit: Yiliang Bao and Jie Zoue/University of Florida
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[82]the physicists radically altered the shape of the metal plates,
corrugating them into evenly spaced trenches so that they resembled a
kind of three-dimensional comb. They then compared the Casimir forces
generated by these corrugated objects with those generated by standard
plates, all also against a metal sphere. The finding could one day
help reduce what MEMS engineers call "stiction" -- when two very
small, very close objects tend to stick together.
Manipulating the casimir force using the shape of the microscale and
nanoscale structures seems to indicicate that active molecular
nanotechnology structures would have far more control of the casimir
force.
The Casimir force is the result of virtual particles. Seemingly empty
space is not actually empty but contains virtual particles associated
with fluctuating electromagnetic fields. These particles push the
plates from both the inside and the outside. However, only virtual
particles of shorter wavelengths -- in the quantum world, particles
exist simultaneously as waves -- can fit into the space between the
plates, so that the outward pressure is slightly smaller than the
inward pressure. The result is the plates are forced together.
The result? "The force is smaller for the corrugated object but not
as small as we anticipated," Chan said, adding that if corrugating
the metal reduced its total area by half, the Casimir force was
reduced by only 30 to 40 percent.
Chan said the experiment shows that it is not possible to simply
add the force on the constituent solid parts of the plate -- in
this case, the tines -- to arrive at the total force. Rather, he
said, "the force actually depends on the geometry of the object."
"Until now, no significant or nontrivial corrections to the Casimir
force due to boundary conditions have been observed
experimentally," wrote Lamoreaux, now at Yale University, in a
commentary accompanying publication of the paper.
FURTHER READING
[83]Measurement of the Casimir Force between a Gold Sphere and a
Silicon Surface with Nanoscale Trench Arrays is the article in fournal
of Physical Review Letters.
We report measurements of the Casimir force between a gold sphere
and a silicon surface with an array of nanoscale, rectangular
corrugations using a micromechanical torsional oscillator. At
distances between 150 and 500 nm, the measured force shows
significant deviations from the pairwise additive formulism,
demonstrating the strong dependence of the Casimir force on the
shape of the interacting bodies. The observed deviation, however,
is smaller than the calculated values for perfectly conducting
surfaces, possibly due to the interplay between finite conductivity
and geometry effects.
Harvard and University of California Mainstream Casimir researchers
[84]Umar Mohideen, prof of physics at the University of California at
Riverside, has been researching the Casimir force
[85]The Capasso group at Harvard have also been working on
manipulating the casimir force
The advance by the University of Florida gives hope and credibility to
extreme technology that is possible with the ability to reduce or
amplify or reverse the casimir force at will:
Interstellartech Corp: Trying to use Casimir force to extract power
[86]Fabrizio Pinto published in the Journal of Physics A: Mathematical
and Theoretical on Membrane actuation by Casimir force manipulation.
[87]Fabrizio Pinto is part of Interstellar Tech corp has been looking
into trying to trying to create an engine by making use of the Casimir
force. [88]No Casimir force-based engine cycle could be devised if one
assumed a constant Casimir force.
Areas of emphasis are:
1. Casimir force modulation; [now demonstrated by the Univerisity of
Florida]
2. Repulsive Casimir force; [[89]Prof Ulf Leonhardt and Dr Thomas
Philbin 2007 report]
3. Lateral Casimir force;
4. Casimir force amplification
5. Energy issues in relation to the quantum vacuum.
[90]One can implement a Casimir system engine cycle to transform
thermal or optical energy into mechanical or electrical energy.
[91]The Interstellar Tech corp proposal for the Transvacer device.
They describe a casimir force-based engine where zero-point energy is
transformed into mechanical energy.
The critical concept at the core of our idealized Casimir engine is
the well-established fact that, in the realistic case of a material
that is not a perfect conductor, the magnitude of the Casimir force at
any distance between the plates depends on the detailed optical
properties of the boundaries. That is, any process that can alter the
reflectivity of the material, also affects the value of the Casimir
force at any distance.
Nasa study from 2004 on Casimir force Space Propulsion
[92]A 57 page study of using "Study of Vacuum Energy Physics for
Breakthrough Propulsion"
G. Jordan Maclay, Quantum Fields LLC, Wisconsin
Jay Hammer and Rod Clark, MEMS Optical, Inc. Alabama
Michael George, Yeong Kim, and Asit Kir, University of Alabama
4. Gedanken Vacuum Powered Spacecraft (on page 30)
A Gedanken spacecraft is described that is propelled by means of
the dynamic Casimir effect, which describes the emission of real
photons when a conducting surface is moved in the vacuum with a
high acceleration. The maintenance of the required boundary
conditions at the moving surface requires the emission of real
photons, sometimes described as the excitation of the vacuum. The
recoil momentum from the photon exerts a force on the surface,
causing an acceleration. If one imagines the moving surface is
attached to a spacecraft, then the spacecraft will experience a net
acceleration. Thus we have a propellantless spacecraft. However, we
do have to provide the energy to operate the vibrating mirror. In
principle, it is possible to obtain this power from the quantum
vacuum, and this possibility is explored. Unfortunately with the
current understanding and materials, the acceleration due to the
dynamic Casimir effect is very small, on the edge of measurability.
One of the objectives in this paper is to demonstrate that some of
the unique properties of the quantum vacuum may be utilized in a
gedanken spacecraft. We have demonstrated that it is possible, in
principal, to cause a spacecraft to accelerate due to the
dissipative force an accelerated mirror experiences when photons
are generated from the quantum vacuum.
Further we have shown that one could in principal utilize energy
fromthe vacuum fluctuations to operate such a vibrating mirror
assembly. The application of the dynamic Casimir effect and the
static Casimir effect may be regarded as a proof of principal, with
the hope that the proven feasibility will stimulate more practical
approaches exploiting known or as yet unknown features of the
quantum vacuum. A model gedanken spacecraft with a single vibrating
mirror was proposed which showed a very unimpressive acceleration
due to the dynamic Casimir effect of about 3x10 -20m/ s2 with a
very inefficient conversion of total energy expended into
spacecraft kinetic energy. Employing a set of vibrating mirrors to
form a parallel plate cavity increases the output by a factor of
the finesse of the cavity, 10**10, yielding an acceleration per
meter squared of plate area of about 3x10 -10m/ s2 and a conversion
efficiency of about 10 -16. After 10 years at this acceleration, a
one square meter spacecraft would be traveling at 0.1m/ s. Although
these results are rather unimpressive, it is important to remember
this is a proof of the principal, and to not take our conclusions
regarding the final velocity in our simplified models too
seriously. The choice of numerical parameters is a best guess based
on current knowledge and can easily affect the final result by 5
orders of magnitude.
2006 paper cited by Calphysics reviewing Quantum Vacuum energy
extraction
[93]A 2006 review of carefully selected proposals for extracting
energy from a quantum vacuum field
We review concepts that provide an experimental framework for
exploring the possibility and limitations of accessing energy from
the space vacuum environment. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) and
stochastic electrodynamics (SED) are the theoretical approaches
guiding this experimental investigation. This investigation
explores the question of whether the quantum vacuum field contains
useful energy that can be exploited for applications under the
action of a catalyst, or cavity structure, so that energy
conservation is not violated. This is similar to the same technical
problem at about the same level of technology as that faced by
early nuclear energy pioneers who searched for, and successfully
discovered, the unique material structure that caused the release
of nuclear energy via the neutron chain reaction.
Credentialed scientists interested in seriously pursuing a
laboratory investigation of the vacuum ZPF should be forewarned
that many of the claims being made in the non-peer-reviewed
literature are fraught with pathological science, fraud,
misinformation, disinformation, and spurious physics. This is the
reason why the present authors were very selective about which ZPE
extraction approaches to consider for our research program.
We identified six experiments that have the potential to extract
useful energy from the vacuum. One of these, Forward's
Vacuum-Fluctuation Battery, was shown to be unsuitable for
completing an engine cycle for pumping energy from the vacuum. The
efficacy of the Mead and Nachamkin patent device has not yet been
evaluated in the lab. However, four additional experimental
concepts are potentially exploitable and we have selected those to
pursue in a carefully guided theoretical and laboratory research
program. The estimated power output from three of these concepts
could under optimum conditions range from Watts to kiloWatts
2007 work: Reversing the casimir force with metamaterials
[94]Prof Ulf Leonhardt and Dr Thomas Philbin report in the New Journal
of Physics they can engineer the Casimir force to repel, rather than
attact.
[95]Prof Ulf Leonhardt page on leviation using Casimir forces
[96]Quantum levitation by left-handed metamaterials
Left-handed metamaterials make perfect lenses that image classical
electromagnetic fields with significantly higher resolution than
the diffraction limit. Here, we consider the quantum physics of
such devices. We show that the Casimir force of two conducting
plates may turn from attraction to repulsion if a perfect lens is
sandwiched between them. For optical left-handed metamaterials,
this repulsive force of the quantum vacuum may levitate ultra-thin
mirrors.
Random other Casimir and Zero point energy related
[97]A page on the casimir force and zero point energy
[98]Over 1000 papers related to casimir effects and forces at arxiv
[99]2007 paper suggesting that the Casimir force is the result of
surface plasmons and that manipulating surface plasmons would
manipulate the Casimir force Metamaterials manipulate plasmons.
[100]Zero point energy at wikipedia
Many fictional references including: The Zero-Point Energy Field
Manipulator, or "gravity gun" is a fictional weapon from the video
game Half-Life 2.
Stargate SG1 and Stargate Atlantis refer to Zero point modules.
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----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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