[tt] Next Big Future - 7 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Thu Jul 10 07:03:44 UTC 2008
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Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2008 03:02:07 -0400
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Subject: Next Big Future - 7 new articles
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"[2]Next Big Future" - 7 new articles
1. [3]Myostatin blocking still under hot pursuit
2. [4]Second look shows Apollo Moon rocks had water inside them
3. [5]Current information on Wind Power material usage
4. [6]Blacklight Power covered on CNN Money
5. [7]HP could be producing Memristors in 2009
6. [8]Carnegie Endowment makes conservative prediction of China
overtaking the US Economy in 2035
7. [9]Startups looking to make building green
8. [10]More Recent Articles
9. [11]Search Next Big Future
[12]Myostatin blocking still under hot pursuit
[13]Acceleron, a Cambridge, Mass.-based biotech firm, and other
companies are still pursuing myostatin blocking, which can be four
times more effective at building muscle versus high doses of steroids
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Se-Jin Lee, the molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins University who
discovered myostatin in mice in 1992, says it's "disappointing"
that MYO-029 is dead, but he still believes blocking myostatin
holds promise. But what really disappoints Lee is that discussion
of a promising treatment for a devastating disease becomes
entangled in discussions of doping. The benefits go far beyond the
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a disease that is diagnosed in only
600 American boys a year, to diseases like cancer and AIDS. Such
drugs could even have a big effect on the muscle weakening that
comes with aging.
"Everybody gets old; everybody is going to lose muscle mass," Lee
says. "If you look at the benefit of buying people five more years
of independent living, it seems a little out of whack to be
worrying about sports records."
Acceleron and some other companies are working on several different
drugs that hit myostatin. And Affymax (AFFY), a Palo Alto biotech
firm, is working on what may be a cheaper, easier to use version of
EPO. These are baby steps, but also reminders that someday,
performance-enhancing drugs will be able to really push the limits of
what the human body can do--like it or not.
Other drugs and enhancements
PPAR delta drugs Status: Experimental.
Legitimate use: Would fight obesity, heart disease.
Athletic advantage: Mice with the PPAR delta receptor modified can run
twice as long as their unmodified brothers and sisters.
Side effects: Unknown, but PPAR drugs to treat diabetes have had
unpredictable side effects
Gene therapy
Status: Experimental.
Legitimate use: Treating genetically inherited diseases.
Athletic advantage: Extra EPO, myostatin or other hormones created by
DNA implanted within the body. Would be undetected by drug tests.
Side effects: Unknown. Gene therapy treatments use viruses or other
biotechnology to alter DNA; in most attempts, risks have outweighed
the benefits.
Robotic Limbs and prosthetics
Status: Early versions in development now.
Legitimate use: Allowing amputees to walk and run.
Athletic advantage: Prosthetics are now good enough that amputee
athlete Oscar Pistorius will run in Beijing games.
Side effects: For amputees, an easy decision. But it will be a long
time before able-bodied athletes are replacing perfectly good limbs
Exoskeletons
Status: In development.
Legitimate use: Allowing workers to carry very heavy loads or walk
great distances.
Side effects: None, so far.
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[37]Second look shows Apollo Moon rocks had water inside them
[38]In a study published today in Nature, researchers led by Brown
University geologist Alberto Saal found evidence of water molecules in
pebbles retrieved by NASA's Apollo missions.
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[45]Mars magma contained as much as 2 percent dissolved water.
[46]For the past four decades, the limit for detecting water in lunar
samples was about 50 parts per million (ppm) at best," explained
Hauri. "We developed a way to detect as little as 5 ppm of water. We
were really surprised to find a great deal more in these tiny glass
beads, up to 46 ppm"
46 tons of water for every million tons would be huge for lunar
colonization. Most regolith does not have that concentration it is
only the volatile pebbles. The researchers estimated that there was
originally about 750 ppm of water in the magma at the time of
eruption. It suggests the intriguing possibility that the Moon's
interior might have had as much water as the Earth's upper mantle. But
even more intriguing: If the Moon's volcanoes released 95% of their
water, where did all that water go? Since the Moon's gravity is too
feeble to retain an atmosphere, the researchers speculate that some of
the water vapor from the eruptions was probably forced into space but
some may have gone to the lunar poles. Unless it is very deep, lunar
groundwater is unlikely to exist since the Sun heats most of the
Moon's surface to over 200°F (100°C).
The findings point to the existence of water deep beneath the moon's
surface, transforming scientific understanding of our nearest
neighbor's formation and, perhaps, our own. There may also be a more
immediately practical application.
"Is there water there? That's important for lunar missions. People
could get the water. They could use the hydrogen for energy," said
Saal.
A high-powered imaging technique known as secondary ion mass
spectrometry revealed a wealth of so-called [47]volatile compounds,
among them fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, carbon dioxide -- and water.
Critically, telltale hydrogen molecules were concentrated at the
center of samples rather than their surfaces, assuring Saal's team
that water was present in an infant moon rather than added by recent
bombardment.
If that water in fact came from the Earth, then planetary geologists
can be certain that our planet contained water 4.5 billion years ago.
That would change the dynamics of models of Earth's formations
FURTHER READING
[48]Volatile compounds at Wikipedia
In planetary science, volatiles, commonly called ices in the
extraterrestrial context, are that group of compounds with low
boiling points (see volatile) that are associated with a planet's
or moon's crust and/or atmosphere. Examples include nitrogen,
water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen and methane, all compounds
of C, H, O and/or N, as well as sulphur dioxide. In astrogeology,
these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large
proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets. In
terrestrial geology, the term more specifically refers to
components of magma (mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide) that
affect the appearance and strength of volcanoes. Volatiles affect
the viscosity of the magma, and the tendency to explosive
eruptions.
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[66]Current information on Wind Power material usage
[67]Per Peterson, Prof at Berkeley provides information on
construction material for energy. 95% of construction inputs are steel
and concrete. This article looks at the most recent wind turbines and
finds that wind power's need for a lot of steel and concrete is not
substantially changed from the 1990 figures. 700-1000 tons (not
including all support structures beyond tower and base) per MW
(nuclear equivalent power adjusted for capacity factor) for offshore
wind for 5MW turbines. 840-1250 tons (after 20-25% support structure
adjustments) puts the amount of material needed at the level of the
1990 wind machines. [68]There is another article on this site that
updates the concrete and steel inputs for nuclear reactors Some High
Temperature nuclear reactor designs would cut the amount of material
usage by a lot. Wind material usage can be cut using Kitegen designs,
"whale bumps" on the blades for more efficiency and other design
improvements.
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Concrete monopole foundation for wind turbines
[75]Enercon 4.5MW offshore turbine weighs 440 tons (looks like mostly
steel) Does not look like it includes any support structures or the
tower.
The REpower 5M turbine features a rotor diameter of 126 metres and a
Top Head Mass (THM; nacelle + rotor) of 430 tonnes [not including
tower, foundation and support structures.]
[76]Four or five offshore wind farms 2007-2011 with a total capacity
of around 1500 MW in Germany were discussed.
It would require investments in the range of around EUR3.6 billion
throughout Germany [assuming on budget], which translates in terms
of job creation volume into 25,000 and 40,000 `man years'. [So
US$5B and about 30,000 man years or 60 million man hours, for 1.5GW
-reduce by capacity factor for projects running 2007-2011]
Mathis argued that future 5-7 MW offshore wind turbines erected in
25-40 metre deep water will require new foundation solutions. If
such huge foundations were constructed as steel monopiles, the
required diameter would be in the range of 8-10 metres and the
total length about 50-60 metres. Utilization of jacket type or
tripod type foundations with similar capacity and water depth range
will, in his view, result into even higher demands with regard to
fabrication, welding complexity and corrosion protection. This
points to concrete foundations as the solution. However, the
construction of gravity-based concrete foundations requires
sophisticated formwork systems and new transport logistics methods
to deal with component masses between 3000 and 7000 metric tonnes.
Three substructures were considered for the final selection
process:
centre column tripod (CCT);
flat faced tripod (FFT);
OWEC jacket quatropod (OJQ), a four-legged jacket solution.
According to the study a CCT design requires cast nodes to improve
fatigue performance, bringing the total mass up to 1080. The FFT
needs three large 96-inch (243 cm) diameter piles but no cast
components, while the substructure mass is 1140 tonnes. Finally the
OJQ is based on a design from OWEC Tower A/S, a `traditional'
jacket structure adapted for REpower 5M wind turbine use.
The mass of the lightweight structure, including three 72-inch
piles for fixing the substructure to the seabed, is approximately
600 tonnes.(For more general information on the Beatrice project
see Renewable Energy World November-December 2006)
So 600-1140 tons plus 450 tons for the nacelle and rotors for a 5MW
wind turbine (1.5 MW of equivalent nuclear power). 700-1000 tons
per MW (nuclear equivalent power adjusted for capacity factor) for
offshore. Land based could be less but there are size limitations
on land and tower must be built higher to get same wind quality
.
[77]Enercon 6MW model has 36 concrete section
Previously, in-situ concrete (125 m hub height) or steel towers (97 m
hub height) were used for the E-112/6 MW. The towers for the E-126/6
MW will be 131 meters tall and made up of 36 concrete segments
manufactured at WEC Turmbau Emden GmbH. Once completed, the hub height
will reach 135 metres and the overall height an impressive 198 metres.
[78]a diagram of the major component assemblies (8000 parts) and the
2007 eight page article discusses wind power supply chain issues.
[79]20-25% of offshore wind is the support structures
Better wind mapping shows at 100 meter elevations 40-45% capacity
factors can be found for some sites.
Integrated wind can deal with many issues that have been laid out as
problems.
FURTHER READING
[80]2006: Thirty seven Nordex N62 wind turbines (6340 tons) NORDEX N
62 69 m hub height 1.3 MW rated power. So 6340 for 50 MW of nameplate
power or 16MW equivalent of nuclear power. 400tons per MW (nuclear
equivalent)
[81]Calculations could be produced using wind turbine design
principles
[82]This 2001 8 pager has a table with percentage of materials for
different components of wind turbines
[83]2007 article on 3MW turbines
Though wind turbines don't consume fuel, it takes at least 150,000
lb of steel, concrete, and fiberglass to build a single 3-MW
turbine. Thus, turbines have a carbon footprint that is laid down
before they ever generate a single kilowatt. And detractors point
out that steel and concrete are both energy intensive,
carbon-emitting industries. There are also networks of roads needed
to service wind farms. And wind turbines take land, somewhere
between 60 and 300 acres/MW. (For comparison, nuclear and coal
plants generate about 1,000 MW/acre).
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[101]Blacklight Power covered on CNN Money
[102]The working models in his lab generate 50 kilowatts of
electricity - enough to power six or seven houses. But these, Mills
says, can be scaled to drive a large, electric power plant. The
inventor claims this electricity will cost less than 2 cents per
kilowatt-hour, which compares to a national average of 8.9 cents.
This site has recently covered [103]Blacklight Powers announcement of
a 50kw prototype generator. The new information is that they have over
20 of those units undergoing testing.
The Controversy and theory is NOT "If Blacklight Power is right then
Quantum Mechanics is wrong"
[104]The wikipedia coverage of the Hydrino theory indicates that it
maybe compatible with the standard theory of relativistic quantum
mechanics. H/T to [105]Anodes commenter on reddit for pointing out the
Hydrino Theory wikipedia entry
One of the main critical papers is [106]the work by A Rathke, A
critical analysis of the hydrino model
Jan Naudts of the University of Antwerp, a supporter of standard
quantum theory rather than Mills' theory, whose paper nonetheless
states:
A. Rathke has questioned the existence of [the hydrino], claiming
that it is incompatible with standard quantum mechanics. All
Rathke's arguments relate to nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The
present paper discusses the problem in the context of relativistic
quantum mechanics... The present paper shows that one can find
arguments in favour of the hydrino state also in the standard
theory of relativistic quantum mechanics.
Another scientist disputing Rathke's analysis, Ronald C. Bourgoin,
of the Edgecombe Community College, published [107]a peer-reviewed
paper in the journal Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, not
only supporting the theoretical possibility of hydrino states, but
further stating that the general wave equation of quantum mechanics
predicts the very same reciprocal energy states as does Mills'
theory.
Mills reports that limitations on confinement and terrestrial
conditions have prevented the achievement of hydrino states below
1/30, which would correspond to an energy release of approximately 15
keV per hydrogen atom.
Schematic of the [108]Blacklight generator with calorimeter test setup
(link to 102 page paper)
While his business has been working on the "BlackLight Process"
since its inception almost two decades ago, Mills developed the
patented cocktail that enables the reaction - a solid fuel made of
hydrogen and a sodium hydride catalyst - only a year ago. Now that
the device is ready for commercialization, he says, BlackLight is
negotiating with several utilities and architecture and engineering
firms, but he won't disclose any partners' names until the deals
are finalized.
About 20 of the generators, which look like small copper water
heaters turned on their sides, rest on lab benches inside the
company's 55,000 square foot headquarters, once a Lockheed Martin
facility. BlackLight's 11 scientists barely make a sound as they
slip among the cavernous rooms, blue lab coats flapping behind
them. The near-emptiness is eerie, but it's also portentous, says
Mills: "Within the next two years, we're going to grow to 500,
maybe 1,000 employees. This could satisfy a majority of the world's
power needs, and the demand is going to be huge."
"He's wrong in so many ways, it's beyond counting," says Robert
Park, a professor of physics at the University of Maryland and
former spokesman for the American Physics Society. Parks, 77, uses
BlackLight as an example of phony physics in his 2002 book, Voodoo
Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. He says of Mills, "I
don't know of a single scientist of any reputation who takes his
claims seriously."
Critics such as Park say the high-profile CEOs on BlackLight's
board are following each other over a cliff. He could be right:
Both Jordan and Jim Lenehan - a BlackLight investor, senior
consultant at hedge fund Cerberus, and former president of Johnson
and Johnson (JNJ, Fortune 500) - say they were led to the business
by friends. But Lenehan, who does not sit on BlackLight's board,
says, "It's no longer a high-risk part of my portfolio. It now has
the ability to make a huge difference in the world of power."
Jordan, who earned science degrees from Yale and Princeton,
expresses a similar sentiment.
"In the beginning, I thought it was worth putting money into
because it was going to be a huge flop or a huge success." he says.
"But when they made the breakthrough last fall, I saw the results."
That logic could explain BlackLight's success in garnering
investors, despite its lack of scientific approval: While the
academic community stresses theoretical backing for a new
discovery, the business world is more concerned with practical
applications.
Lenehan says, "My point of view is, just do it - generate power. In
terms of influencing investors, it's about results."
Jordan agrees: "Theoretically, the bumble bee can't fly - but no
one told the bumble bee. Now they're saying this can't be done, but
it's happening."
The rest of the world will have to wait for evidence until the fall
of 2009, when the business promises to install its cells in power
plants.
FURTHER READING
[109]Blacklight generator 102 page paper.
In this study we made specific theoretical predictions and tested
them with standard, easily interpretable experiments. The results
of spectroscopic, chemical, and thermal data show that new energy
states of hydrogen are formed by the reaction of H with catalysts
such as Li and NaH . Furthermore, the power and energy balance data
demonstrate that this novel reaction of atomic hydrogen can proceed
with high kinetics and yields by using reagents to generate the
catalysts such as Li and NaH to form significantly more stable
hydrides and hydrogen molecules is a new energy source ready for
commercialization. The energy scaled linearly and the power
increased nonlinearly to easily achieve over 50 kW. Based on the
volume of the catalyst and hydrogen fuel, the power density is
among the highest known, (comparable to or higher than that of
internal combustion), and the energy balance is greater that that
of any know material on a weight or molar basis. Consequently, the
mass balance and cost per unit energy is much lower than that of
burning fossil fuels. Furthermore, the process is nonpolluting.
Since the identified H2 (1/ p) byproduct is stable and
lighter-than-air, it cannot accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere.
[110]39 page spectroscopic observation paper
[111]Hydrino study group
[112]Hydrino theory at wikipedia
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[130]HP could be producing Memristors in 2009
[131]HP scientists have now successfully engineered control over how
the device functions. This means it is now possible to design
memristors into integrated circuits that remember information, consume
far less power than existing devices and may someday learn from past
behavior. [132]The EEtimes, reports that the advance promises to speed
development of commercial prototype chips for its RRAM (resistive
random-access memory) by next year.
Meanwhile [133]Samsung is pressing ahead with rapid flash SSD drives
Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. has started volume production of its 1.8-
and 2.5-inch multi-level cell (MLC)-based solid state drives (SSD)
with a 128 Gigabyte (GB) storage capacity. Mass production of the
Samsung MLC-based 64GB SSD also began this month. They will begin
producing a 256GB version at the end of this year, and that it expects
sales of SSD units to increase 800 percent between now and 2010.
[134]You can expect the new Samsung SSDs to be cheap by comparison to
SLC-based SSDs and faster by comparison to traditional laptop hard
disk drives while lasting about 20 times longer than the expected 4-5
year life span of that mechanical spinner.
[135]OCZ is now shipping 128GB SSD drives for $479 This site would
expect Samsung pricing to be similar. 128GB SSD drives have been
available for a few thousand dollars. Samsung is the largest producer
of Flash memory. High volume production for Samsung and increasing the
overall market by 800% over two years probably means 4 times lower
costs to go with 8 times more units for an overall market dollar size
increase of double.
"With engineering control, we can build a device that delivers a
specific electrical performance," says Duncan Stewart, principal
investigator. "Only then do you get to a point where you can build
large integrated circuits."
HP Labs scientists who in April proved the existence of the memristor
have made another significant advance toward developing a new type of
computer memory that's many times faster than Flash and could lead to
analog computers that process information in a manner similar to the
human brain.
The researchers, members of the Information and Quantum Systems Lab
led by HP Senior Fellow R. Stanley Williams, published their
experimental findings in the advance online editon of the July issue
of the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
The team conducted its experiments by building a nanoscale memristor
switch - at 50 nanometers by 50 nanometers, it is the world's smallest
- that contained a layer of titanium dioxide (a chemical commonly used
in both sunscreen and white paint) between two nanowires. As its name
implies, titanium dioxide typically comprises one titanium atom for
every two oxygen atoms.
Scientist Jianhua Yang found that by subtly manipulating the
distribution of the oxygen atoms in this layer, he could control how
the device functioned. Although other labs have demonstrated switching
using similar materials, none have achieved this level of control over
the switches.
Faster, cheaper nonvolatile RAM
A memristive device can operate in both digital and analog modes, each
of which has different applications.
In digital mode, it could replace today's solid-state memories (Flash)
with much faster and less expensive nonvolatile random access memory
(NVRAM). That would enable digital cameras without a delay between
photos, for example, or computers that save power by turning off when
not needed and then turning back on instantly when needed.
Because it is built at nanoscale, the NVRAM chip would also be denser,
giving chipmakers the ability to pack more information into a smaller
space.
Computers that learn
Longer term, in its analog mode, the memristor could possibly
enable computers that "learn" what you want.
"Any learning a computer displays today is the result of software,"
says Yang. "What we're talking about is the computer itself - the
hardware - being able to learn."
That's not to say the computer would function like a human brain.
But it could gain pattern-matching abilities would let it adapt its
user interface based on how you use it. These same abilities make
it ideal for such artificial intelligence applications as
recognizing faces or understanding speech.
"When John Von Neumann first proposed computing machines 60 years
ago, he proposed they function the way the brain does," says
Stewart. "That would have meant analog parallel computing, but it
was impossible to build at that time. Instead, we got digital
serial computers."
Now it may be possible to build large-scale analog parallel
computing machines, he says.
FURTHER READING
[136]Memristor questions answered
The memristor is well suited for FPGA designs.
[137][advancednano?i=iVB2DH]
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[153]Rate 'HP could be producing Memristors in 2009'
[154]Carnegie Endowment makes conservative prediction of China overtaking
the US Economy in 2035
[155]Here is 16 page briefing from the Carnegie Endowment by Albert
Kiedel on the economic rise of China
UPDATE: [156]The British Telegraph has an interesting series of
articles on life in China now
The very conservative projection described in the table above already
underestimates China's economy. It has China at $4 trillion on an
exchange rate basis in 2010.
This site estimates that China is at that level in late 2008 (and
already if Hong Kong and Macau are included which they should as part
of China since 1997 and 1998).
As of July, 2008 :
China's [157]currency is now 6.85 yuan to 1 USD. China's GDP is now
$3.85 trillion. Including Hong Kong and Macau China has $4.2 trillion
GDP.
Year GDP(yuan) GDP growth Yuan per USD China GDP China+HK/Ma US GDP
2007 24.66 11.9% 7.3 3.38 3.7 13.8
Jul08 26.3 6.85 3.83 4.2 Past Germany
Oct08 26.7 6.65 4.0 4.45
2008 27.3 10.2% 6.35 4.3 4.8 14.0
2009 30.1 9.8% 5.62 5.4 5.9 14.2 Pass Japan
2010 33.7 9.5% 5.11 6.6 7.1 14.6
2011 37.0 9.5% 4.64 8.0 8.5 15.0
2012 40.6 9.5% 4.26 9.5 10.0 15.4
2013 44.2 9.0% 3.91 11.3 11.8 15.9
2014 48.2 9.0% 3.72 13.0 13.5 16.4
2015 52.0 8.0% 3.54 14.7 15.2 16.9
2016 56.2 8.0% 3.53 16.7 17.2 17.4 Passing USA
2017 60.4 7.5% 3.38 18.8 19.4 17.9 Past USA
2018 64.2 7.0% 3.20 20.9 21.5 18.4
2019 69.2 7.0% 3.09 23.0 23.6 19.0
2020 74.0 7.0% 3.0 25.2 25.8 19.6
2021 78.4 6.0% 2.9 27.2 27.8 20.2
2022 83.1 6.0% 2.9 29.4 30.0 20.8
2023 87.3 5.0% 2.8 31.5 32.2 21.4
2024 91.7 5.0% 2.8 33.7 34.4 22.0
2025 96.3 5.0% 2.7 36.1 36.8 22.7
2026 101.1 5.0% 2.6 38.7 39.4 23.4
2027 106.1 5.0% 2.6 41.4 42.1 24.1
2028 111.4 5.0% 2.5 44.4 45.1 24.8
2029 117.0 5.0% 2.5 47.5 48.2 25.5
2030 122.8 5.0% 2.4 50.9 51.6 26.3 Close to doub
le USA
[158]China's inflation and internal pressures are causing Chinese
leaders to increase the value of the yuan over the mid and long term
[159]China is engineering a pause in the yuan appreciation to curb
speculators who are profiting on the rise of the yuan
Since last October interest rate differentials between dollars and
yuan have reversed. The U.S. Federal Reserve aggressively lowered
rates just as the Chinese central bank, the People's Bank of China,
was pushing up domestic rates to fight inflation. Currently, rates
on the Chinese central bank's one-year bills are about 170 basis
points higher than comparable U.S. Treasuries.
This has created an arbitrage opportunity that local firms are
exploiting on a massive scale, borrowing cheap dollars to
substitute for more expensive borrowings in yuan and for local
investments. A second factor driving this arbitrage is the
wide-spread expectation that the government will either speed up
the rise in the yuan's crawling peg or implement a one-off
revaluation.
[160]Li Jin (Harvard) and Shan Li (former CEO of Bank of China
International) suggested in the Wall Street Journal that China slow
currency appreciation and invest funds in the US to help deal with
China's inflation and stabilize the US economy
FURTHER READING
[161]Previous economic update on China
[162]Highlights of the Carnegie Endowment economic rise of China
[163]Other Keidel analysis of China
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[180]Rate 'Carnegie Endowment makes conservative prediction of China
overtaking the US Economy in 2035'
[181]Startups looking to make building green
[182]Calera is a company funded by Vinod Khosla which is trying to
make concrete that pulls carbon dioxide from the air instead of
emitting it. This would have a huge reduction in greenhouse gases when
fully deployed. Concrete manufacturing is a primary source of carbon
dioxide.
For each ton of Calera concrete one ton of carbon dioxide is removed
from the air. Calera is completing a pilot plant by the end of 2008.
They plan to complete a commercial plant by 2010 and have 100 sites
within 5 years.
Constructing and operating buildings requires 48% of the energy used
in the United States. 21% for residential buildings. 27% for
transportation and 25% for industrial.
[183]Cement is a huge culprit of greenhouse gas emissions: It uses
about 2.5 billion tons of cement a year, and produces that many tons
in carbon dioxide.
[184]There are many green building companies being funded
New Jersey-based Hycrete, which produces an admixture (or liquid
solution) that is used to waterproof concrete, completed its second
round in 2006. Hycrete makes a mixture of sand, aggregate, cement and
water, the admixture acts as a replacement for the external membranes
that are typically used to keep water from seeping into concrete. When
it is mixed into concrete, it links up to metallic ions and behaves
like a hydrophobic solution (like oil) -- repelling water. Because it
doesn't require volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other harmful
chemicals, the corrosion-resistant concrete can safely be recycled and
reused in other projects.
[185][advancednano?i=3bEnSb]
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[201]Rate 'Startups looking to make building green'
More Recent Articles
* [202]Per Peterson information on steel and concrete needed for
different energy
* [203]Possible genetic cause of SIDS
* [204]Anton, special purpose supercomputer for molecular
simulations
* [205]The next Bussard IEC fusion reactor could be 100MW size
producing net energy
* [206]Artificial intelligence milestone -Polaris computer begins
beating human poker champions
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----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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