[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 2 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Tue Jan 15 09:38:38 UTC 2008
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Date: Tue, 15 Jan 2008 04:29:39 -0500
To: eugen <eugen at leitl.org>
Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 2 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 2 new articles
1. [3]Graphite transistors could be the replacement for silicon
2. [4]Energy efficiency and substitution
3. [5]More Recent Articles
4. [6]Search advanced nanotechnology
[7]Graphite transistors could be the replacement for silicon
Graphene is one hundred times thinner than the smallest silicon
transistor possible and graphene conducts electricity much more
efficiently. However, graphene sheets tend to curl up and react with
substances around them, making them difficult to build into devices.
[8]Graphite could provide the most of the electrical property benefits
of graphene but be easier to work with
Yakov Kopelevich and [9]Pablo Esquinazi of the State University of
Campinas in Brazil claim all the properties of graphene are present in
graphite and graphite is easier and cheaper to produce and doesn't
curl up, thanks to the stabilising effect of the adjacent layers.
FURTHER READING
[10]Graphene physics in graphite, 9 page paper
Experimental evidence indicates that high-quality graphite is a
multi-layer system with nearly decoupled 2D graphene planes. Based
on experimental observations, we anticipate that thin graphite
samples and not single layers will be the most promising candidates
for graphene-based electronics.
[11]A 4 page paper, A comparison of the magnetic properties of Proton-
and Iron-implanted graphite.
[12][advancednano?i=1VwZTLD] [13][advancednano?i=slBL83D]
[14][advancednano?i=w5mDHDd] [15][advancednano?i=ibOrSrd]
[16][advancednano?i=2F2nZZd] [17][advancednano?i=k6sAmnD]
[18][advancednano?i=9ET1bld] [19][advancednano?i=WMPS5mD]
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[25]Energy efficiency and substitution
A biofuel announcement and updating my energy forecast and recommended
energy policy.
[26]General Motors announced a partnership with Coskata of
Warrenville, IL, a new company that claims it can make ethanol from
wood chips, grass, and trash--including old tires--for a dollar a
gallon.
Coskata is completing a pilot-scale ethanol production facility and
will announce locations for a 40,000-gallon-per-year facility and a
100-million-gallon-per-year commercial-scale plant later this year.
Coskata joins a number of other companies looking for ways to make
biofuels from alternative sources. A new federal mandate, signed
into law late last month, calls for 36 billion gallons [2.4 million
barrels per day] of biofuels to be produced by 2022.
An increase from 7.5 billion gallons [510,000 barrels per day] of
biofuel in 2007
According to Argonne National Laboratory--which analyzed Coskata's
process and is named as a partnering organization on [27]Costka's Web
site, www.costkataenergy.com--for every unit of energy used, it
generates up to [28]7.7 times that amount of energy ([29]EROEI, Energy
Returned on Energy Invested), and it reduces carbon dioxide emissions
by up to 84 percent compared with a well-to-wheel analysis of
gasoline.
The Coskata process uses less than one gallon of fresh water per
gallon of ethanol produced, versus 3-5 for corn, and as much as 7
gallons of water per gallon of ethanol for enzymatic routes. There
is more than one billion tons of biomass that can be converted into
fuel annually in the U.S. alone. Using the Coskata process, each of
these tons can be converted into over 100 gallons of low-cost
ethanol.
[Cellulosic.jpg]
Source: GM research analysis. The biofuel potential in the US appears
to be about 7-8 million barrels per day [about 39% of current US fuel
needs]. This analysis does not appear to include algae biofuel
processes.
Coskata CEO and President Bill Roe said the next generation ethanol
is here today. "We will have our first commercial-scale plant
making 50 [million] to 100 million gallons of ethanol running in
2011, and that includes the two years it will take to build the
plant," Roe said.
There has been a great deal of concern over the possibility of peak
oil. Peak oil would mean rapidly rising oil prices and reduction in
oil that would be available for countries to import. (Export land
model of oil)
Demand destruction would happen first in poorer countries and with
people who are more poor in wealthier countries. So even if global oil
and oil substitutes goes down there is a 5 year lead time to see other
countries and segments of an economy having problems with a decline
before the USA sees significant reductions. So the price has to go up
to $200-250/barrel.
12 million barrels per day imported at $100 is 438 billion.
12 million barrels per day imported at $200 is 876 billion.
12 million barrels per day imported at $250 is 1.1 trillion.
The lead time allows in time for legislation and actions to have more
deployment. The increase in biofuels under way. The increased number
and quality and efficiency of hybrids, electric and diesel cars. More
time for the new Chevron gulf of Mexico oil to come up. More time to
get the Colorado oil shale going. More oilsand oil in Canada which is
exported primarily to the USA.
The US economy can tolerate those price levels, but they would trigger
more actions.
First year of new energy plan:
Increased fuel use for transporation (around double the 1970s usage).
Fuel saving of 750,000 gallons per day from 55 mph speed limit in the
USA.
[figure4.6.gif]
Legislate to allow for more fuel saving measures which are difficult
now by loosening other regulations (safety, emissions etc...). Enable
more work from home and satellite offices.
First years of steps that will take many years:
Put in tax advantages for aero modding cars or diesel conversions.
Support battery powered folding electric bikes/scotters (60+ million
in China already)
200 million cars but getting the most used cars and trucks first.
$2 trillion to apply $10,000 per car and truck conversions to all the
cars and trucks. $200 billion for the first 10%. But those 10% use
about 30% of the fuel used for cars and trucks which is about 50% of
the fuel use (long haul trucks, taxis and cars for salesman etc...).
So getting those vehicles more 50% efficient would save 7%.
$50 billion for 100 million electric bikes and scooters at an average
price of $500. Allow people to leverage public transit for more easily
and to have a reasonable commute travel radius of about 20-25 miles
(each way) without using a car.
Fire up the process to allow for drilling in ANWR (Alaska)
$200 million flex fuel program to get all new cars flex fuel to allow
for more alternative fuels.
[2053359927_6de9adaec6.jpg?v=0]
Stop using 9.8% of the oil to heat homes, offices and for electricity.
(mostly North east)
Try to switch from oil for factory process heating.
Ban/phase out oil for recreational vehicles 1%. Require a switch to
electric.
Middle years:
Tap the strategic fuel reserve if needed.
Continue modifications to the installed base of cars and trucks.
Aeromodding and diesel conversions can increase fuel efficiency by
25-100%. Determine how to make the process more automated and
efficient and low cost.
Get more agressive on the efficiency of new vehicles. do more to force
the phase out of heavier vehicles. Cars like the 150 mpg Loremo
(expected next year) have 0.22 aerodynamic (versus 0.4-0.6 for regular
cars) and have a weight of 450kg versus 1000-3000 kg for regular cars
and SUVs. It uses lightweight steel and modular cell construction.
Restructure for more busing and mass transit use.
7+ years:
Have gotten significant oil from oil shale 2+ million barrels per day
ANWR tapped for 1 million barrels per day
Gulf of Mexico oil 1 million barrels per day.
Enhanced oil recovery 2 million barrels per day.
Gotten high efficiency thermoelectrics onto a lot of cars and all big
generators.
Start getting a lot more nuclear power deployed. (9 new nuclear plants
ordered in 2007. First could be completed by 2014 and there will be
several significant power uprates of existing plants.)
More efficient conversions to power grid (superconductors, DC power
lines for long haul.)
Increase US oil and oil equivalent production to 12+ million barrels
per day.
[30]The US produced 8.37 million barrels per day in 2006. By 2015, we
should expect 2 million barrels per day from old production sources to
not be available because of the aging of the fields.
Increase car, home and industrial effiency in the use of oil by 50+%
within 7 years.
Structurally adjust the economy where possible for less oil usage (no
oil for heat, instead use electric from nuclear and renewables.)
[31][advancednano?i=5MEpvjD] [32][advancednano?i=7DXxiLD]
[33][advancednano?i=XIqWERd] [34][advancednano?i=2YRnb4d]
[35][advancednano?i=rz92tEd] [36][advancednano?i=fA2Pa6D]
[37][advancednano?i=SkNZO4d] [38][advancednano?i=pRUy5vD]
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More Recent Articles
* [44]Taiwan election result as predicted, big KMT win
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* [46]Nanotechnology enhanced steel and concrete for safer
skyscrapers
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technologies in Sports report
* [48]China, Taiwan and US relations will improve in 2008
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Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
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