[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 6 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Wed Jan 9 09:25:15 UTC 2008
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 6 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 6 new articles
1. [3]Silicon electronics providing early versions of nanomedicine
expectations
2. [4]Four behaviors add 14 extra years of life
3. [5]Mathematical model for droplets in an electric field
4. [6]Carbon nanotubes on plastic 312 megahertz instead of kilohertz
for current plastic circuits
5. [7]Reviewing the specifics of the MIT 50% power uprate plans
6. [8]Another new take on solar power and thermoelectric conversion
7. [9]More Recent Articles
8. [10]Search advanced nanotechnology
[11]Silicon electronics providing early versions of nanomedicine
expectations
[12]Nanowerk has a review of nanomedicine. In particular the EU view
from the 7th FWP which refers to the European Union's Seventh
Framework Program
[2178776887_564284b000_o.jpg]
this shows the many different aspects and capabilities related to
nanomedicine
The expected change in the understanding of disease that they discuss
in this quote:
Future nanomedical diagnostics with an ultimate level of
sensitivity will enable doctors to discover the slightest
abnormality in our bodies - raising the question if and what
clinical relevance such information will have.
"Diagnostic nanotechnologies eventually will provide the ability to
detect and characterize individual cells, subtle molecular changes
in DNA, or even minor changes in blood chemistry - scenarios that
will likely cause pause and reconsideration of what it means to be
a 'healthy person' versus a 'person who has a disease'" says Bawa.
"In a 'nanoworld,' we might have to reconsider how to diagnose
someone who has, say, cancer. Is the presence of a genetic mutation
known to have a predisposition for causing cancer in a single cell
a diagnosis? Or is it simply a risk factor? How many cells from the
body must be of a cancerous nature for it to be defined as cancer?
1? 50? 1000?"
Once diagnostic technologies have reached this stage it will
require reconceptualizing understanding of disease
[13]Is already arriving with labs on a chip that can accurately count
cancer cells and find 99.1% of metastatic cancer in the blood.
[14]Silicon biosensors are being implanted into the body with a gel to
prevent rejection.
[15]There are bloodstream robots that are millimeter sized or smaller
from Korea and Japan and [16]and Israel.
[minuscule_submarine_robot.jpg]
Israel bloodstream robot
With the rejection suppression gel, rice grain size or larger
computers could be placed into the body which would be an earlier
cruder but possibly very functional version of what nanomedicine could
accomplish. MEMS and NEMS will get very good over the next 5-10 years
and the conservative expectations that we will need to wait for full
blown nanotechnology for what are considered nanomedicine applications
are wrong. Molecular nanotechnology will make what we can place into
the body a millions times higher performance or more. However, even
advanced silicon and polymer and pre-molecular nanotechnology will
provide capabilities far beyond what those who ridicule "submarines in
the body" expect.
Do not underestimate clever and creative use of existing and near term
technology. It can deliver what some people think we need to wait for
full blown molecular nanotechnology to get. It also means clever use
of molecular nanotechnology will blow away all the unimaginitive
scenarios.
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[30]Four behaviors add 14 extra years of life
[31]If you do not smoking; exercise; moderate alcohol intake; and
eating five servings of fruit and vegetables a day then you will live
on average an additional fourteen years compared with people who adopt
none of these behaviours.
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[45]Mathematical model for droplets in an electric field
[46]Mathematical model created for formation of droplets in an
electric field. Further progress in extending the model for variations
under more conditions will be key in formalizing the process of
improving inkjet printers Inkjet printing technology is the basis of
printable electronics and many rapid prototyping fabrication systems.
An accurate computational model will allow for rapid optimization of
inkjet based systems.
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[60]Carbon nanotubes on plastic 312 megahertz instead of kilohertz for
current plastic circuits
[61]Scientists from the University of Massachusetts Lowell and Brewer
Science, Inc. have used carbon nanotubes as the basis for a high-speed
(312 megahertz) thin-film transistors printed onto sheets of flexible
plastic. Their method may allow large-area electronic circuits to be
printed onto almost any flexible substrate at low cost and in mass
quantities. (Most Intel and AMD processors are in the 2 to 3 Gigahertz
range)
[62]The Pentium II (mid-97 to 1999) had processor speeds of 233-450
Mhz The new carbon nanotubes of plastic have processor speeds in that
range and can be printed in large sheets in process taht is similar to
inkjet printing.
Applications for these flexible electronics include electronic
paper, RFID (radio frequency identification) tags to track goods
and people, and "smart skins," which are materials and coatings
containing electronic circuitry that can indicate changes in
temperature or pressure, such as on aircraft or other objects.
Our electronic-grade solutions contain ultrapure carbon nanotubes
without using any surfactant. Our printed transistor's carrier
mobility is much higher than similar devices developed by other
groups, it exhibits a speed of 312 megahertz, and can carry a large
current.
As part of the printed-electronics effort, carbon nanotubes have
been investigated as a medium for high-speed transistors, with very
promising results. But one method of depositing the nanotubes onto
the plastic, "growing" them with heat, requires very high
temperatures, typically around 900°C, which is a major obstacle for
fabricating electronic devices.
Brewer Science, Inc. developed an electronic-grade carbon-nanotube
solution. The researchers deposited a tiny droplet of the solution
onto a plastic transparency film at room temperature using a
syringe, a method similar to ink-jet printing.
FURTHER READING
[63]Other printable electronics.
[64]Kovio's inkjet printable electronics has electron mobility of ~80
cm2/(V·s).
Many companies and R&D labs have been aiming at getting the electron
mobility--expressed in units of cm2/(V·s)--of organics semiconductors
up to the 0.5-1.0 range of amorphous-silicon TFTs.
Previous reports have shown that C60 can yield mobility values as high
as six square centimeters per volt-second (6 cm2/V/s). However, that
record was achieved using a hot-wall epitaxy process requiring
processing temperatures of 250 degrees Celsius - too hot for most
flexible plastic substrates.
Though the transistors produced by Kippelen's research team display
slightly lower electron mobility - 2.7 to 5 cm2/V/s - they can be
produced at room temperature.
[65]Graphene has high potential. Electron mobility in graphene is
200,000 cm2/Vs and more than 100 times higher than for silicon -
researchers believe graphene has the potential to improve upon the
capabilities of current semiconductors and open up exciting new
possibilities. These include ultra-high frequency detectors required
for full-body security scanners, which would make people transparent
by operating at terahertz (THz) frequencies. However, most estimate it
will be 20 years before that full potential will be realized.
[66]Fuhrer's group measured 100,000-cm2/volt-second mobility at room
temperature for the nanotube structures. That's about 70 times the
1,500-cm2/V-s mobility of standard silicon chips and 10 times the
10,000 cm2/V-s achievable by silicon's mobility leaders, discrete
high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The mobility record set by
InSb in 1955 was 77,000.
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kilohertz for current plastic circuits'
[80]Reviewing the specifics of the MIT 50% power uprate plans
MIT/Westinghouse are developing annular fuel and looking at
nanoparticles to improve the thermal properties of water for nuclear
plants. The peak hotspot operating temperature can go down while
efficiency is increased. I usually mention this technology as
something which would make a huge difference in nuclear power
generation. I am reviewing the work and updating with some recent
journal references.
[2166766541_ca2fcd0f03.jpg?v=0]
Solar power is 1/30th of 1%. Boosting nuclear power by 50% would be
like doubling hydroelectric and all renewable power. It would be 300
times all of the solar power in the USA in 2006.
The fuel is especially well suited for pressurized water reactors,
which make up 60% of the world's 443 reactors. Hejzlar says that
utilities in the U.S., Japan, and South Korea have expressed interest
in his design.
The annular fuel would boost power by 50%.
The nanoparticles in fluid would boost power by 20% for existing
reactors and 40% for new reactors.
The cross shaped spiral design would boost boiler water reactors by
30%.
[81]The MIT fuel is thin walled donuts with pellets inside and using
nanoparticles in the fluid.
[2179444138_3d8e19027a.jpg?v=0]
The tubes with uranium particles
The new design also helps diminish the chance of meltdown by
slashing the temperature at which reactors must be operated, and it
renders the spent fuel more proliferation-resistant.
Reactors that use the new fuel can operate at 700 °C--less than
half of the 1800 °C required for conventional fuel. This takes the
reactor temperature much farther away from the 2840 ° C at which
meltdowns can occur. The temperature is so much lower because the
doughnut shape enables heat to flow in two directions and the
surface-area-to-volume ratio is about 60% higher, Hejzlar explains.
"A traditional fuel rod looks like a pencil, with the fuel pellets
inside the tube and water flow on the outside of the tube. Annular
fuel is like a thick-walled stra... or a very thin-walled
doughnut," explains Edward Lahoda, a nuclear engineer at
Westinghouse Corp., a major manufacturer of pressurized water
reactors.
The new fuel is much more complex to manufacture than conventional
cylindrical pellets. But when Westinghouse made a test run of
producing the annular pellets, they achieved a "very good yield" of
greater than 95%, Lahoda says. "Manufacturing is not a trivial
issue," he stresses. "If you can't make them in millions of pellets
and load them into hundreds of thousands of rods, the concept is
useless."
[82]In a three-year project completed recently [2006] for the U.S.
Department of Energy, Hejzlar and Kazimi teamed up with Westinghouse
and other companies to look at how to make a fuel for one kind of
reactor, the pressurized water reactor (PWR), 30 percent more
efficient while maintaining or improving safety magins. [the pilot
study]
They changed the shape of the fuel from solid cylinders to hollow
tubes. This added surface area that allows water to flow inside and
outside the pellets, increasing heat transfer.
The new fuel turned out even better than Hejzlar dared hope. It proved
to be easy to manufacture and capable of boosting the power output of
PWR plants by 50 percent.
The next step is to commercialize the fuel concept, which will include
testing a limited number of rods filled with the new pellets in an
operating reactor and examining the results to ensure the safety and
performance of the new fuel.
[83]PWR Transition to a Higher Power Core Using Annular Fuel
The internally and externally cooled annular fuel is a new type of
fuel for PWRs that enables an increase in core power density by 50%
within the same or better safety margins as traditional solid fuel.
Each annular fuel assembly of the same size dimensions as solid
fuel has 160 annular fuel rods arranged in a 13x13 array. Even at
the much higher power density, the fuel exhibits substantially
lower temperatures and a Minimum Departure From Nucleate Boiling
(MDNBR) margin comparable to that of traditional solid fuel at
nominal (100%) power. The major motivation for such an uprate is
reduction of electricity generation cost. Indeed, the capital cost
per kWh(e) of a new reactor would be smaller than the standard
construction of a new
reactor with solid fuel.
This option implies running a core with a mixture of both annular
and solid fuel assemblies. In order to prove the technical
feasibility of such an option, the thermal-hydraulics of this mixed
core is investigated and the MDNBR is found to be either unaffected
or improved. Consequently, a neutronic model is developed to verify
and validate the neutronic feasibility of the transition from solid
to annular fuel. This involvements assessment of the peaking
factors and capability to provide control poisons within allowable
concentrations The overall conclusion of this work is that annular
fuel is a very promising option for existing reactors to increase
their power by 50%, as it enables a significant uprate with an
attractive return on investment. We show that, by a smart
management of the transition, an internal return investment of
about 22-27% can be achieved.
Nanoparticle Spiked water
[2179444132_802e56399a_o.jpg]
Nanofluid can boost PWR power by 20% for existing reactors and 40% for
new reactors
Jacopo Buongiorno, assistant professor of nuclear science and
engineering, has come up with a way to change water's thermal
properties. This change may contribute to plants' safety while
boosting their power density, or the amount of energy they can pump
out.
The efficiency of PWRs and BWRs is limited to around 33 percent,
because water can be heated to only a certain temperature and only
a certain amount of heat can be taken out of water. If that limit
were pushed higher, more heat could be extracted, and the plant
would generate more energy at a lower cost.
His laboratory works on nanofluids -- base fluids such as water
interspersed with tiny particles of oxides and metals only
billionths of a meter in diameter. Buongiorno's nano-spiked water,
transparent but somewhat murky, can remove up to two times more
heat than ordinary water, making it an ideal substance for nuclear
plants.
Nanoparticles in the water that cools the outer surface of the
vessel raise the amount of heat that can be drawn away from the
core, making the plant less susceptible to the negative
repercussions of a possible meltdown.
The key issue to be resolved before nanofluids can be used in
nuclear plants, Buongiorno said, is the stability of the
nanoparticles, which could agglomerate and settle quickly if
appropriate chemical and thermal conditions are not carefully
maintained.
[2179444136_1a55228319.jpg?v=0]
Silicon cladding would be tougher and safer than zirconium alloy on
fuel rods
[84]MIT work to improve boiler water reactor performance and safety
[2179459812_52d6b63497_o.jpg]
FURTHER READING
[85]Agressive and new technology nuclear power uprates, new
thermoelectronics and a climate change bill could boost nuclear power
by 675% by 2030
[86]Thermoelectrics being developed by the DOE freedomcar project can
capture 50+% of waste heat for electricity
[87]The EIA analysis of the effect of a climate change bill passing
Two to three times more nuclear power from increased nuclear plant
build. It does not consider the MIT work or the thermoelectrics.
On the changes of a climate change bill passing:
A bill is already in front of the Senate and [88]>passed the senate
committee.
Clinton and Obama would support a stronger climate change bill.
McCain co-authored the one analyzed by the EIA
The other republicans support nuclear power.
Michael Bloomberg has asked for a carbon tax which would have an even
stronger effect than the climate change bill.
[89]A lot of other work on improving nuclear reactor efficiency and
performance.
[90]Annular fuel special issue of American Nuclear Society 2007
[91]Page 5 of westinghouse 28 page 2004 worldview mentions the MIT 50%
power uprate work
[92]MIT fission research homepage
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[106]Another new take on solar power and thermoelectric conversion
[107]Another potentially more efficient way to convert heat into
electricity, from x-NASA super soaker inventor.
Here's how it works: One MEA stack is coupled to a high-
temperature heat source (such as solar heat concentrated by
mirrors), and the other to a low-temperature heat sink (ambient
air). The low-temperature stack acts as the compressor stage while
the high-temperature stack functions as the power stage. Once the
cycle is started by the electrical jolt, the resulting pressure
differential produces voltage across each of the MEA stacks. The
higher voltage at the high-temperature stack forces the
low-temperature stack to pump hydrogen from low pressure to high
pressure, maintaining the pressure differential. Meanwhile hydrogen
passing through the high-temperature stack generates power.
"It's like a conventional heat engine," explains Paul Werbos,
program director at the National Science Foundation, which has
provided funding for JTEC. "It still uses temperature differences
to create pressure gradients. Only instead of using those pressure
gradients to move an axle or wheel, he's using them to force ions
through a membrane. It's a totally new way of generating
electricity from heat."
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More Recent Articles
* [121]Added analysis of the 60mpg hummer
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* [124]What if Michael Bloomberg ran for President in 2008 ?
* [125]People in the US moving beyond middle class
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133. http://www.feedblitz.com/
----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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