[tt] Next Big Future - 2 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Tue Aug 19 21:15:12 UTC 2008
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Subject: Next Big Future - 2 new articles
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"[2]Next Big Future" - 2 new articles
1. [3]Cheap, recyclable ultrastrong magnets that will enable smaller,
more powerful engines
2. [4]China has new 70GW nuclear power target for 2020
3. [5]More Recent Articles
4. [6]Search Next Big Future
[7]Cheap, recyclable ultrastrong magnets that will enable smaller, more
powerful engines
[8]Ultra-strong, high-temperature, high-performance permanent magnet
compounds, such as Samarium Cobalt, are the mainstay materials for
several industries that rely on high-performance motor and power
generation applications, including the Department of Defense (DOD) and
the automotive industry. Until now, producing Samarium Cobalt has been
a difficult and expensive multi-step process. Northeastern University
researchers have broken new ground with an innovative invention of a
rapid, high-volume and cost-effective one-step method for producing
pure Samarium Cobalt rare earth permanent magnet materials.
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[15]To create a field
with the strength of 100 mT (1,000 G) at a 1 mm distance from the
pole, a barium ferrite magnet must be around 25 times larger than a
samarium-cobalt magnet.
[16]Smaller and more powerful motors will make wheel motors more
practical. Wheel motors can reduce losses in a car by 30-40% by have
no transmission to wheel power losses.
Samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets are produced by pressing powdered
alloys to shape and then sintering them in a furnace. This powder can
also be mixed with polymer binders to form bonded magnets.
SmCo exhibit excellent thermal qualities with several grades designed
specifically for use up to 570°F. For high-energy material, SmCo
offers the best resistance to temperature. Until this development
sintered samarium-cobalt has commonly beenused in stepper motors for
robotics and aerospace as well as motors for magnetic pumps and
couplings. But high costs confined it to small or thermally demanding
situations. This low cost breakthrough will enable widespread use.
Engines and generators can be made smaller, lighter, more efficient
and reliable. Compact, high-power motors without field coils will be
made common.
[17]Electron Energy Corporation already makes and sells existing
Samarium Cobalt magnets with some over 1 Tesla and 30 megagauss of
energy. Samarium-Cobalt (SmCo) can achieve a maximum of 225 kJ/m**3.
Samarium Cobalt batteries were used for Nasa's Deep space one space
probe which used an ion engine.
[18]The 2006 Progress Report for Automotive Propulsion Materials
Program for the Freedomcar project explained the benefits of a strong
permanent magnet
The Freedomcar project looked at superconducting magnets, which are
stronger then Samarium Cobalt magnets but need cooling.
Permanent magnets are used in the traction motors of hybrid
electric vehicles because of their superior magnetic properties
(energy product) compared with other permanent magnets.
Higher-strength magnets are desired because they would enable
manufacturers to reduce the size, weight, and volume of the
traction motor and thus increase the fuel efficiency of the
vehicle.
A major component of the HEV is the electrical machine (traction
motor) used to drive the wheels. The traction motor employs a
number of permanent magnets (PMs). Energy product is directly
proportional to the energy stored per unit volume of the magnet;
the torque produced by a PM electric motor is approximately
proportional to the energy product of the PM. Increasing the energy
product of the PM will proportionally increase the torque.
Therefore, increasing the energy product will reduce the weight and
size of the PM required to generate the same torque. Furthermore,
reducing the weight and size of the PM may reduce the size of the
entire motor required to generate the same torque. This will
further reduce the overall weight of the motor and increase the
mileage of the HEV.
Typical performance requirements for linear drive motors are
(BH)max = 40 MGOe (320 kJ/m3) and Hc = 2 Tesla (1.6 MA/m). It is
the objective of this study to increase the energy product by using
stronger magnetic alignment Figure 2. Energy product vs coercive
field for various fields generated by the SCM while maintaining the
same coercive field (by raising the operating applications. point
vertically in Figure 2). So far, NdFeB magnets show the highest
value of remanence Br and energy product (BH)max, and
samarium-cobalt magnets exhibit the highest coercive fields, Hc.
The direct chemical synthesis process is able to produce Samarium
Cobalt rapidly and in large amounts, at a small fraction of the cost
of the current industry method.
Samarium Cobalt magnets are superior to other classes of permanent
magnetic materials for advanced high-temperature applications and
the Northeastern invention goes beyond the currently known
fabrication process of these nanostructured magnets. Unlike the
traditional multi-step metallurgical techniques that provide
limited control of the size and shape of the final magnetic
particles, the Northeastern scientists' one-step method produces
air-stable "nanoblades" (elongated nanoparticles shaped like
blades) that allow for a more efficient assembly that may
ultimately result in smaller and lighter magnets without
sacrificing performance.
This revolutionary invention is anticipated to not only revitalize
the permanent magnet industry, it has the potential to bring major
changes to several federal and commercial industries, including its
potential to impact the size, weight, and performance of aircraft,
ships, and land-based vehicles, as well as contribute to more
efficient computer technologies and emerging biomedical
applications.
"This work represents the most promising advance in rare earth
permanent magnet processing in many years," said Laura Henderson
Lewis, Professor of Chemical Engineering and Chair of the
Department of Chemical Engineering at Northeastern University and a
collaborator on this project. "I expect it to revitalize
international interest in the development of this important class
of engineering materials."
FURTHER READING
[19]A turbogenerator study which used permanent magnets to make parts
of a generator smaller and more efficient.
[20]Cheap, strong permanent magnet can help make more powerful in
wheel motors.
[21]Different kinds of permanent magnet engines are analyzed and
compared in this 123 page Oak Ridge National Lab study for the
Freedomcar project
[22][advancednano?i=7HIiec]
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smaller, more powerful engines'
[39]China has new 70GW nuclear power target for 2020
[40]China has declared a new target of 5% of electricity by 2020 will
be from nuclear power. This will be 70GW. About 500TWh. The target
from 2007 was 60GW and the target before that was 40GW.
16% of power by 2030 (about 1400 TWh, 200+GW)
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[47]A projected total generation of 8472 TWh and an installed capacity
of 1775 GW by 2030 means that China will equal the current levels of
production and capacity in the USA and the European Union combined.
China is expected to have 311 GW of hydropower in place by 2020,
meeting the government target, and 380 GW in 2030. Hydropower is
expected to rise to over 1000 TWh in 2030, but its share of total
power output will fall from 16 per cent to 12 per cent. The target for
wind power is expected to be exceeded, with wind power reaching 42 GW
in 2020 and 79 GW in 2030.
China has made considerable progress in the implementation of
state-of-the-art coal fired generation technologies, by building
larger, more efficient power plants. China added 18 GW of
supercritical plant in 2006, bringing total supercritical capacity to
about 30 GW. There are about 100 GW of supercritical plant on order,
implying that the share of supercritical technology in new capacity
will increase significantly over the next few years.
After 2015, new coal power stations will probably be as efficient as
those built in the OECD. The average gross efficiency increases from
32 per cent in 2005 to 39 per cent in 2030, bringing it much closer to
the OECD average of 42 per cent by 2030. Furthermore there will likely
be a greater implementation of cleaner technologies such as
supercritical, ultra-supercritical and integrated gasification
combined-cycle plants.
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Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
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