[tt] The development of brain-machine interface neuroprosthetic devices

[Hughes, James J.]

http://www.neurorx.org/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164493

The development of brain-machine interface neuroprosthetic devices.

Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Jan;5(1):137-46

Authors: Patil PG, Turner DA

The development of brain-machine interface technology is a logical next
step in the overall direction of neuroprosthetics. Many of the required
technological advances that will be required for clinical translation of
brain-machine interfaces are already under development, including a new
generation of recording electrodes, the decoding and interpretation of
signals underlying intention and planning, actuators for implementation
of mental plans in virtual or real contexts, direct somatosensory
feedback to the nervous system to refine actions, and training to
encourage plasticity in neural circuits. Although pre-clinical studies
in nonhuman primates demonstrate high efficacy in a realistic motor task
with motor cortical recordings, there are many challenges in the
clinical translation of even simple tasks and devices. Foremost among
these challenges is the development of biocompatible electrodes capable
of long-term, stable recording of brain activity and implantable
amplifiers and signal processors that are sufficiently resistant to
noise and artifact to faithfully transmit recorded signals to the
external environment. Whether there is a suitable market for such new
technology depends on its efficacy in restoring and enhancing neural
function, its risks of implantation, and its long-term efficacy and
usefulness. Now is a critical time in brain-machine interface
development because most ongoing studies are science-based and
noncommercial, allowing new approaches to be included in commercial
schemes under development.