[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Thu Sep 27 18:27:59 UTC 2007
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 4 new articles
1. [3]Energy supplies by source in the USA 2002 to 2006
2. [4]Quantum computing photon qubit communication advances
3. [5]Coal compared to green measures
4. [6]Spintronics: Quantum spin hall effect could be future of
computers
5. [7]More Recent Articles
6. [8]Search advanced nanotechnology
[9]Energy supplies by source in the USA 2002 to 2006
US energy used by source from 2002 to 2006
Here is the Breakdown of energy used in the USA by source from 2002 to
2006
[10]Nnadir has a further breakdown of the non-fossil fuel portion
Non-fossil fuel source Share of non-fossil fuel total share
Nuclear: 54.5% 8.2%
Conventional Hydro: 19.2% 2.9%
Wood: 14.0% 2.1%
Other biofuels like, and including, ethanol: 5% 0.7%
Garbage burning (waste): 2.7% 0.4%
Geothermal: 2.3% 0.3%
Wind: 1.7% 0.3%
Solar: 0.4% 0.07%
RELATED NEWS
[11]The first official new US nuclear license application has been
filed for a 2700MW twin reactor in Texas
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[25]Quantum computing photon qubit communication advances
[26]Two major steps toward putting quantum computers into real
practice -- sending a photon signal on demand from a qubit onto wires
and transmitting the signal to a second, distant qubit -- have been
brought about by a team of scientists at Yale.
They report that superconducting qubits, or artificial atoms, have
been able to communicate information not only to their nearest
neighbor, but also to a distant qubit on the chip. This research
now moves [this type of] quantum computing from "having
information" to "communicating information."
The first breakthrough reported is the ability to produce on demand
-- and control -- single, discrete microwave photons as the
carriers of encoded quantum information.
They added a second qubit and used the photon to transfer a quantum
state from one qubit to another. This was possible because the
microwave photon could be guided on wires -- similarly to the way
fiber optics can guide visible light -- and carried directly to the
target qubit. "A novel feature of this experiment is that the
photon used is only virtual," said Majer and Chow, "winking into
existence for only the briefest instant before disappearing."
Together the new Yale research constitutes the first demonstration
of a "quantum bus" for a solid-state electronic system. This
approach can in principle be extended to multiple qubits, and to
connecting the parts of a future, more complex quantum computer.
There are many competing methods for making quantum computers. This
approach is to down to the level of precisely manipulating single
photons. Other approaches like adiabatic quantum computers could
succeed with a lower degree of physical control and precision. This
approach could ultimately have higher potential especially if
molecular nanotechnology helps enable the high levels of precision and
control.
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[40]Coal compared to green measures
[41]There is website that compares various CO2 reduction efforts
against the increased CO2 from new coal plants. There are 151 coal
plants in various stages of construction in the USA.
[42]Hat tip to Kirk at the thorium energy blog for finding this
Many efforts do not equal the CO2 of even one medium sized coal plant
for one year.
All the corporate efforts and plans involving more efficient light
bulbs and slightly more efficient cars, reducing all college campuses
to zero emissions and a cooperative effort by 11 Northeastern and
Mid-Atlantic states to reduce their CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by
2014 would combined be offset by 18 new medium sized coal plants.
Those plans should still go forward, but new coal needs to be stopped
and old coal needs to be replaced. The best versions of the
[43]climate change bills would increase the cost of coal power and
make utilities switch to nuclear power and renewables. The right terms
for the McCain/Lieberman climate stewardship bill where international
substitution is not counted has been projected by the EIA (energy
information administration) to reduce coal from supplying 50% of
electrical power now to 11% by 2030.
If the societal costs of coal are added into coal via legislation then
the market will be forced to address this and replace coal. The
replacement will mostly be nuclear energy because it is the next most
affordable after coal where the damage from coal is not included.
[44]Forbes takes a look at the progress of the energy and climate
change bills Based on the progress and differences in bills that need
to be reconciled it appears that meaningful energy and climate change
bills will not pass until 2009.
The [Bush presidential] administration opposes mandatory emissions
targets, and there is probably not enough time to get a meaningful
climate change bill to the president's desk by the end of the year.
A spokesman for House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., says "her
priority right now is to get those [energy] bills reconciled and to
get them to the president's desk."
That doesn't mean the issues aren't near the top of the
legislative--or corporate--agenda. It stands to reason that
industry would want to see legislation, if it is to come, passed
while a Republican is in the White House. Already, the major
industries that would be most affected have spent heavily in an
effort to influence lawmakers. According to the Center for
Responsive Politics, an organization that tracks political
spending, electric utilities have ponied up $49.5 million in
lobbying so far this year. The automotive and oil and gas
industries are not far behind, spending $37 million and $36
million, respectively.
[45]The two climate change bills with the most support are the
Bingaman/Specter and [46]Lieberman/Warner bills
The "Low Carbon Economy Act of 2007," which was introduced by
Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), Chairman of the Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources, and Arlen Specter (R-PA) in July with
endorsements from some major electric utilities and labor unions.
The second is a 16-page outline of a cap-and-trade proposal by
Senators Joe Lieberman (I-CT) and John Warner (R-VA) that was
released in August. They have been collecting input on the outline
and intend to introduce a bill for consideration in the fall.
Chairman Boxer has said that the Lieberman/Warner (America's
Climate Security Act) bill, when ready, will be the primary vehicle
in the EPW committee.
Comparing the Bingaman/Specter and Lieberman/Warner proposals:
Emission targets
The Bingaman/Specter bill and the Lieberman/Warner outline would
both establish cap-and-trade programs to limit emissions beginning
in 2012. Bingaman/Specter calls for GHG reductions to 2006 levels
by 2020. The Lieberman/Warner outline is somewhat more stringent,
calling for a 10% reduction below 2005 levels by 2020.
Regulation
The Bingaman/Specter bill would regulate carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions from petroleum and natural gas consumption on an
"upstream" basis, by regulating petroleum refiners and natural gas
processors. The bill would reach CO2 emissions from coal
consumption on a "downstream" basis, i.e., by regulating large
consumers of coal (primarily coal-fired electric power plants).
The proposal by Senators Lieberman and Warner also would regulate
petroleum on an "upstream" basis. However, they otherwise would
regulate large sources of CO2 emissions on a "downstream" basis.
Their program would require practically all electric power plants
to submit allowances. It also would regulate industrial and
commercial facilities that emit 10,000 metric tons or more of
CO2-equivalent GHG emissions per year.
Offset and International Credit Provisions.
Both proposals would allow for the use of offset credits for
emission reductions achieved by projects outside the scope of the
emissions cap. Bingaman/Specter would streamline approval
procedures for certain types of projects and authorize the
President to promulgate rules allowing a regulated entity to use
allowances or credits from foreign programs to cover up to 10% of
its annual allowance requirements.
Senators Lieberman and Warner propose to limit the use of domestic
offset credits to 15% of a regulated entity's allowance
requirements, but would have a slightly more generous limit for use
of foreign credits than the Bingaman/Specter bill (15%).
FURTHER READING:
[47]A collection of quotes and links to reactions by environmental
groups on the Lieberman/Warner bill
[48]The 17 page pdf outline of the Lieberman/Warner bill
[49]Comparing all of the climate change bills
[1444032176_62b8c4c0f4_o.jpg]
The first of the two pages of bill comparisons, which has the leading
bills under consideration
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[63]Spintronics: Quantum spin hall effect could be future of computers
[64]Stanford physics Professor Shoucheng Zhang says a new generation
of semiconductors, designed around the phenomenon known as the Quantum
Spin Hall Effect, could keep Moore's law in force for decades to come.
Using special semiconductor material made from layers of mercury
telluride and cadmium telluride, the experimenters employed quantum
tricks to align the spin of electrons like a parade of tops
spinning together. Under these extraordinary conditions, the
current flows only along the edges of the sheet of semiconductor.
The electrons' strange behavior constitutes a new state of matter,
Zhang said, joining the three states familiar to high school
science students--solids, liquids, gases--as well as more unworldly
states such as superconductors, where electrons flow with no
resistance. He describes the quest for new states of matter as the
holy grail of condensed matter physics.
Similar effects have been demonstrated before, but only at
extremely cold temperatures and under the effects of powerful
magnetic fields--conditions that cannot exist inside the common
computer. "What we managed to do is basically get rid of the
magnetic field," Zhang said.
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computers'
More Recent Articles
* [78]False negatives in the selection of technology projects
* [79]More on the SENS3 conference
* [80]Quantum Dots made brighter by a 108 to 550 times factor
* [81]Nanosensors help find how cancer establishes foothold in the
body
* [82]AI the 1950s and now or did you make that nematode smarter
than humans yet?
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