[tt] Complexity Digest 2007.36 (text version -2)
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Fri Sep 21 17:15:00 UTC 2007
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Subject: Complexity Digest 2007.36 (text version -2)
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Complexity Digest 2007.36 20-Sept-2007
Archive: [1]http://www.comdig.org, European Mirror: [2]http://www.comdig.de
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"I think the next century will be the century of complexity." Stephen
Hawking, 2000
_________________________________________________________________
PDF files of our annual editions are available at
www.comdig.de/AnnualEditions.html
A letter from Gottfried Mayer to our readers and friends is at
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_________________________________________________________________
01. Global Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence, Science
01.01. Reports Says Organized Crime Top Problem, Associated Press
02. Separate Is Never Equal - How Social Segregation Leads To Economic
Inequality, Science News
02.01. Computer Science: Cultural Modeling In Real Time, Science
02.02. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems, Science
03. AIs May Call Virtual Worlds Home, Digital Trends
03.01. On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet, Washington Post
04. Psychiatric Research: Is Internal Timing Key To Mental Health?, Science
04.01. Debate Renewed: Diabetes Drug Ups Heart Risk, Science News
04.02. At What Price?, Nature
05. Immunology: Square-Dancing Antibodies, Science
06. Consciousness In The Raw - The Brain Stem May Orchestrate The Basics Of
Awareness, Science News
06.01. Brain Network Related To Intelligence Identified, PhysOrg.com
06.02. The Molecular Signature Of Loneliness, Innovations-report
07. Ecology: Scaling Laws In The Drier, Nature
07.01. Positive Feedbacks Promote Power-Law Clustering Of Kalahari Vegetation,
Nature
07.02. Fungal Roles In Soil Ecology: Underground Networking, Nature
08. A General Integrative Model For Scaling Plant Growth, Carbon Flux, And
Functional Trait Spectra, Nature
08.01. Mutual Feedbacks Maintain Both Genetic And Species Diversity In A Plant
Community, Science
09. Chimps Pinch Papayas To Impress Potential Mates, New Scientist
09.01. Primate Behavior Explained By Computer 'Agents', ScienceDaily
10. On The Stability Of Populations Of Mammals, Birds, Fish And Insects, Ecol.
Lett.
10.01. Predation Linked To Evolution, Study Suggests, ScienceDaily
10.02. Vibrational Signals In A Gregarious Sawfly Larva ( Perga Affinis ):
Group Coordination Or Competitive Signaling?, J. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
11. Epigenetics: Perceptive Enzymes, Nature
12. Unsettling Weather - Explosive Growth Of Humberto Delivers A Warning.,
Houston Chronicle
13. Cosmic 'Egg-Beaters' May Have Left Magnetic Legacy, New Scientist
13.01. Lighting the Universe with Filaments, Science
13.02. Dark Matter Clues In Oldest Stars, BBC News
14. Mirror Particles Form New Matter, BBC News
15. Scientists Unlock Secrets Of Protein Folding, PhysOrg.com
16. Nanoscale Computer Memory Retrieves Data 1,000 Times Faster, PhysOrg.com
16.01. Sheet Of Carbon Atoms Acts Like A Billiard Table, Physicists Find,
PhysOrg.com
16.02. Phase-Coherent Transport in Graphene Quantum Billiards, Science
16.03. Engineering Quantum States Of A Nanoresonator Via A Simple Auxiliary
System, Phys. Rev.
17. Decentralized Control and Interactive Design Methods for Large-Scale
Heterogeneous Self-Organizing Swarms, ECAL2007
18. What Happens To Private Contractors Who Kill Iraqis? Maybe Nothing,
Salon.com
19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
19.01. Scientists Use the "Dark Web" to Snag Extremists and Terrorists Online
20. Links & Snippets
20.01. Other Publications
20.02. Webcast Announcements
20.03. Conference Announcements
20.04. Other Announcements
_________________________________________________________________
01. Global Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence , Science
Excerpts: Prediction of regions of ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia
(red overlay) by an agent model (colored dots as agents) based upon the
population distribution of ethnic groups in 1991. The prediction map is shown
in the context of a geospatial map of Europe. A model based on principles of
phase-separation predicts regions of violence when applied to the distribution
of ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia and India. We identify a process of
global pattern formation that causes regions to differentiate by culture.
Violence arises at boundaries between regions that are not sufficiently well
defined. We model cultural differentiation as a separation of groups whose
members prefer similar neighbors, with a characteristic group size at which
violence occurs. Application of this model to the area of the former Yugoslavia
and to India accurately predicts the locations of reported conflict.
See also [4] Science podcast
* [5] Global Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence, May Lim, Richard
Metzler, Yaneer Bar-Yam, 07/09/14, Science : 1540-1544.
[4]
http://www.necsi.edu/research/ethnicviolence/sci317/science_podcast_trimmed.mp3
Target=new
[5] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1540
_________________________________________________________________
01.01. Reports Says Organized Crime Top Problem , Associated Press
Excerpts: Organized crime may have brought in more than $2 trillion in revenue
last year, about twice all the military budgets in the world combined,(...)
Glenn said the expansion of organized crime across national borders has made it
necessary to find a global solution to the problem, possibly through the
creation of a financial prosecution system that would handle cases outside
national jurisdictions, similar to the International Criminal Court. Such a
system would have to be funded initially by governments, but could later
receive its financial support from the frozen assets of convicted criminals,
the report said.
* [6] Reports Says Organized Crime Top Problem, Justin Bergman, 07/09/10,
Associated Press
[6] http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibtKVH7KhymCrw7K7muvxxOQJMNw
_________________________________________________________________
02. Separate Is Never Equal - How Social Segregation Leads To Economic
Inequality , Science News
Excerpts: Figure 1: Housing patterns show the extent of social segregation
in Manhattan. This map shows the relative proportion of black households and
non-Hispanic white households, using figures and classifications from the 2000
Census. Sethi and Somanathan Rajiv Sethi of Columbia University, Glenn
Loury of Brown University in Providence, R.I., and Sam Bowles of the Santa Fe
Institute in New Mexico, have created a simple mathematical model for
understanding the interaction between segregation and inequality. They imagined
a situation in which discrimination that had historically existed between two
groups of people came to an end, so that people from both groups who had equal
skills subsequently began earning equal wages. The researchers then asked
whether, over many generations, the income of the two groups would tend to
equalize or whether the disparity would persist.
* [7] Separate Is Never Equal - How Social Segregation Leads To Economic
Inequality, Julie J. Rehmeyer, 07/09/15, ScienceNews
[7] http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070915/mathtrek.asp
_________________________________________________________________
02.01. Computer Science: Cultural Modeling In Real Time , Science
Excerpts: Several recent examples show the difficulties governments and
organizations have in predicting the consequences of their actions. In 2001,
U.S. commanders were unable to successfully negotiate deals with local
tribesmen to prevent the escape of bin Laden, even though reports indicate that
they had excellent intelligence on where he was. The day after the United
Nations approved a resolution calling for the deployment of 17,300 peacekeepers
to Sudan, the Sudanese government launched a major offensive in Darfur.
* [8] Computer Science: Cultural Modeling In Real Time, V. S. Subrahmanian,
07/09/14, Science : 1509-1510.
[8] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1509
_________________________________________________________________
02.02. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems , Science
Excerpts: Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new
and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or
natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the
world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space,
time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with
thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity,
and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present
conditions and future possibilities.
* [9] Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems, Jianguo Liu, Thomas
Dietz, Stephen R. Carpenter, Marina Alberti, Carl Folke, Emilio Moran,
Alice N. Pell, Peter Deadman, Timothy Kratz, Jane Lubchenco, Elinor Ostrom,
Zhiyun Ouyang, William Provencher, Charles L. Redman, Stephen H. Schneider,
William W. Taylor, 07/09/14, Science: 1513-1516.
[9] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1513
_________________________________________________________________
03. AIs May Call Virtual Worlds Home , Digital Trends
Excerpts: Artificial intelligence developers are looking at virtual worlds like
Second Life as ideal proving grounds for their creations. If artificial
intelligence developers like Novamente have their way, virtual worlds like
Second Life may soon become training grounds for self-directed artificial
intelligence applications which learn by interacting with their environments -
and with the virtual people populating them. And maybe users will be able to
own their own AI-powered companions.
* [10] AIs May Call Virtual Worlds Home, 07/09/13, Digital Trends
[10]
http://news.digitaltrends.com/news/story/14178/printer_friendly/ais_may_call_vi
rtual_worlds_home
_________________________________________________________________
03.01. On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet , Washington Post
Excerpts: (AP/CBS) Experts have tried to determine how reliable the
information on Wikipedia is. It's difficult to know, for example, whether
campaign staffers are editing articles about their candidates. But that kind of
embarrassing revelation is what Virgil Griffith had in mind when he released th
e
free WikiScanner last month. Griffith, a visiting researcher at the Santa Fe
Institute in New Mexico and a "disruptive technologist," has caused public
relations disasters for corporations and federal agencies. WikiScanner traces
the millions of changes back to the editor's network.
* [11] On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet, Jose Antonio Vargas,
07/09/17, Washington Post
[11]
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699
.html?hpid%3Dsec-tech&sub=AR
_________________________________________________________________
04. Psychiatric Research: Is Internal Timing Key To Mental Health? , Science
Excerpts: Wehr grew convinced that the antidepressant effect was a result of
the artificially lengthened daytime, which led to less melatonin secretion and
presumably had downstream effects leading to an improvement in the patient's
mood. Lewy instead came to believe that the effect was due to the resetting of
the patient's circadian clock, not the overall duration of melatonin
production. In most SAD patients, he argued, the depression was the result of
circadian clocks being out of sync with respect to the sleep-wake cycle, like a
chronic form of jet lag.
* [12] Psychiatric Research: Is Internal Timing Key To Mental Health?, Yudhijit
Bhattacharjee, 07/09/14, Science: 1488-1490.
[12] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1488
_________________________________________________________________
04.01. Debate Renewed: Diabetes Drug Ups Heart Risk , Science News
Excerpts: "The public health impact of potential harm ... is substantial,"
Singh and his colleagues write in the Sept. 12 Journal of the American Medical
Association. Singh, an internist, says that he no longer prescribes
rosiglitazone. He chastised the FDA for keeping it on the market. "They want
absolute proof of harm before they take action," he says. "Who's going to
provide that proof?" Sen. Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), who advocates tightened
FDA oversight, points to the new report as "a case study in what's wrong with
the [FDA's] drug-safety system .... FDA's relationship with drugmakers is too
cozy."
* [13] Debate Renewed: Diabetes Drug Ups Heart Risk, Brian Vastag, 07/09/15,
Science News
[13] http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070915/fob4.asp
_________________________________________________________________
04.02. At What Price? , Nature
Excerpts: Differential pricing could make global medicines affordable in
developing countries. But drugs for diseases that have no market in the
developed world will require additional subsidies, (...). Differential pricing1
(also known as price discrimination) can offer a solution to this dilemma, at
least for drugs with considerable sales in the developed world. Prices in
affluent countries - and to a lesser extent in middle-income countries - could
generate sufficient revenue to pay for R&D, whereas prices in developing
nations need only cover their marginal costs.
* [14] At What Price?, Patricia M. Danzon, 07/09/13, DOI: 10.1038/449176a,
Nature 449, 176-179
[14] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/449176a.html
_________________________________________________________________
05. Immunology: Square-Dancing Antibodies , Science
Excerpts: Antibodies are among nature's most versatile molecules. The classic
Y-shaped molecules can recognize essentially any antigen by the variable tips
of the Fab (fragment antigen binding) arms, whereas the Fc (fragment
crystallizable) stem recognizes effector molecules that help eliminate antigen
(see the figure). The two Fab arms are identical, allowing antibodies to bind
bivalently to repeating antigens on, for example, microbial pathogens or tumor
cells. This arrangement enhances the affinity of antibody for antigen and
allows antibodies to cross-link antigen molecules under certain conditions.
* [15] Immunology: Square-Dancing Antibodies, Dennis R. Burton , Ian A.
Wilson, 07/09/14, Science : 1507-1508.
[15] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1507
_________________________________________________________________
06. Consciousness In The Raw - The Brain Stem May Orchestrate The Basics Of
Awareness , Science News
Excerpts: Inner Brain. Animal studies and observations of children born
missing most of the brain's outer layer, or cortex, suggest that the brain stem
generates a fundamental form of conscious thought. Here, cutaway of a normal
human brain shows the folded cortex atop the brain stem (in box). W. Krutein /
Photovault.com Merker argues that the brain stem supports an elementary
form of conscious thought in kids with hydranencephaly. It also contains
auditory structures capable of preserving hearing in someone without a cortex.
In contrast, optic nerve damage in hydranencephaly frequently impairs vision,
regardless of what the brain stem does. Self-awareness and other "higher"
forms of thought may require cortical contributions. But Merker posits that
"primary consciousness," which he regards as an ability to integrate sensations
from the environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide
behavior, springs from the brain stem.
* [16] Consciousness In The Raw - The Brain Stem May Orchestrate The Basics Of
Awareness, Bruce Bower, 07/09/15, Science News
[16] http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070915/bob9.asp
_________________________________________________________________
06.01. Brain Network Related To Intelligence Identified , PhysOrg.com
Excerpts: The photo illustration shows brain areas important to
intelligence. Credit: UCI "Recent neuroscience studies suggest that
intelligence is related to how well information travels throughout the brain,"
said Haier, a professor of psychology in the School of Medicine and longtime
human intelligence researcher. "Our review of imaging studies identifies the
stations along the routes intelligent information processing takes. Once we
know where the stations are, we can study how they relate to intelligence."
The data suggest that some of the brain areas related to intelligence are the
same areas related to attention and memory and to more complex functions like
language.
* [17] Brain Network Related To Intelligence Identified, 07/09/11, PhysOrg.com
[17] http://physorg.com/news108722746.html
_________________________________________________________________
06.02. The Molecular Signature Of Loneliness , Innovations-report
Excerpts: People who experience chronically high levels of loneliness show
gene-expression patterns that differ markedly from those of people who don't
feel lonely, according to a new molecular analysis (...). The findings suggest
that feelings of social isolation are linked to alterations in immune system
activity, which result in increased inflammatory signalling within the body.
This is the first study to show an alteration in genome-wide transcriptional
activity linked to a social epidemiological risk factor. It provides a
molecular framework for understanding why social factors are linked to an
increased risk of diseases where inflammation is thought to be a factor, such
as heart disease (...).
* [18] The Molecular Signature Of Loneliness, 2007/09/13, Innovations-report
* Contributed by [19] Atin Das
[18]
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/report-90770.html
[19] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
07. Ecology: Scaling Laws In The Drier , Nature
Excerpts: The vegetation of arid ecosystems displays scale-free, self-organized
spatial patterns. Monitoring of such patterns could provide warning signals of
the occurrence of sudden shifts towards desert conditions. Once upon a time the
Sahara was green - it was covered by vegetation. The evidence for this comes
from many different sources, including the former existence of lakes. Around
5,500 years ago, the wet environmental conditions suddenly came to an end.
Despite the absence of abrupt, external climatic change, plant productivity
declined and the topsoil was lost.
* [20] Ecology: Scaling Laws In The Drier, Ricard Sole, 07/09/13, DOI:
10.1038/449151a, Nature 449, 151-153
[20] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/449151a.html
_________________________________________________________________
07.01. Positive Feedbacks Promote Power-Law Clustering Of Kalahari Vegetation ,
Nature
Excerpts: The concept of local-scale interactions driving large-scale pattern
formation has been supported by numerical simulations, which have demonstrated
that simple rules of interaction are capable of reproducing patterns observed
in nature. These models of self-organization suggest that characteristic
patterns should exist across a broad range of environmental conditions provided
that local interactions do indeed dominate the development of community
structure. Readily available observations that could be used to support these
theoretical expectations, however, have lacked sufficient spatial extent or the
necessary diversity of environmental conditions to confirm the model
predictions.
* [21] Positive Feedbacks Promote Power-Law Clustering Of Kalahari Vegetation,
Todd M. Scanlon, Kelly K. Caylor, Simon A. Levin, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe,
07/09/13, DOI: 10.1038/nature06060, Nature 449, 209-212
[21] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/nature06060.html
_________________________________________________________________
07.02. Fungal Roles In Soil Ecology: Underground Networking , Nature
Excerpts: Above ground, plants compete for life-giving sunlight, but below the
surface a more complex picture emerges. (...) Emerging clues suggest that this
covert subterranean interplay influences many aspects of the forest community,
including which plants live, which die, the effects of physical stresses such
as heat and drought, and what happens after the introduction of new species.
Add the controversial possibility that fungi mediate resource sharing between
different plant species and a picture emerges of a Robin Hood of the soil,
subsidizing those less able to make food, and by so doing, helping its own
cause by promoting a diverse range of plant partners.
* [22] Fungal Roles In Soil Ecology: Underground Networking, John Whitfield,
07/09/13, DOI: 10.1038/449136a, Nature 449, 136-138
[22] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/449139a.html
_________________________________________________________________
08. A General Integrative Model For Scaling Plant Growth, Carbon Flux, And
Functional Trait Spectra , Nature
Excerpts: Linking functional traits to plant growth is critical for scaling
attributes of organisms to the dynamics of ecosystems and for understanding how
selection shapes integrated botanical phenotypes. However, a general mechanisti
c
theory showing how traits specifically influence carbon and biomass flux within
and across plants is needed. Building on foundational work on relative growth
rate, recent work on functional trait spectra and metabolic scaling theory,
here we derive a generalized trait-based model of plant growth.
* [23] A General Integrative Model For Scaling Plant Growth, Carbon Flux, And
Functional Trait Spectra, Brian J. Enquist, Andrew J. Kerkhoff, Scott C.
Stark, Nathan G. Swenson, Megan C. McCarthy, Charles A. Price, 07/09/13,
DOI: 10.1038/nature06061, Nature 449, 218-222
[23] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/nature06061.html
_________________________________________________________________
08.01. Mutual Feedbacks Maintain Both Genetic And Species Diversity In A Plant
Community , Science
Excerpts: The forces that maintain genetic diversity among individuals and
diversity among species are usually studied separately. Nevertheless, diversity
at one of these levels may depend on the diversity at the other. We have
combined observations of natural populations, quantitative genetics, and field
experiments to show that genetic variation in the concentration of an
allelopathic secondary compound in Brassica nigra is necessary for the
coexistence of B. nigra and its competitor species. In addition, the diversity
of competing species was required for the maintenance of genetic variation in
the trait within B. nigra.
* [24] Mutual Feedbacks Maintain Both Genetic And Species Diversity In A Plant
Community, Richard A. Lankau , Sharon Y. Strauss, 07/09/14, Science :
1561-1563.
[24] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1561
_________________________________________________________________
09. Chimps Pinch Papayas To Impress Potential Mates , New Scientist
Excerpts: Male chimpanzees will risk serious injury to provide females with the
"forbidden fruit" that they crave, reveals a study of chimps in western Africa.
The males advertise their prowess and impress potential mates by stealing
papaya from local farms, researchers found. Kim Hockings at the University of
Stirling, UK and colleagues spent two years observing the behaviour of a
chimpanzee group living in wild forest surrounding a farming village in the
Republic of Guinea. They noticed several of the male chimps in the group
ventured repeatedly into the crop fields, even though farmers tried beating
them away with sticks.
* [25] Chimps Pinch Papayas To Impress Potential Mates, Roxanne Khamsi,
07/09/12, NewScientist.com news service
[25]
http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/dn12633?DCMP=NLC-nletter&nsre
f=dn12633
_________________________________________________________________
09.01. Primate Behavior Explained By Computer 'Agents' , ScienceDaily
Excerpts: The complex behaviour of primates can be understood using
artificially-intelligent computer 'agents' that mimic their actions, shows new
research (...). Scientists using agents programmed with simple instructions to
work out why some primate groups are 'despotic' whilst others are 'egalitarian'
- overturning previous theories developed by primatologists. They have also
found support for an existing theory of how dominant macaques make it to the
safer positions at the middle of their troop without seeming to be pre-occupied
with getting there. Using agents programmed with two rules (...) scientists
found that their more dominant agents would make their way to the centre of the
group. (...)
* [26] Primate Behavior Explained By Computer 'Agents', 2007/09/15,
ScienceDaily & University of Bath
* Contributed by [27] Atin Das
[26] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070911073916.htm
[27] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
10. On The Stability Of Populations Of Mammals, Birds, Fish And Insects , Ecol.
Lett.
Excerpts: A key concern for conservation biologists is whether populations of
plants and animals are likely to fluctuate widely in number or remain
relatively stable around some steady-state value. In our study of 634
populations of mammals, birds, fish and insects, we find that most can be
expected to remain stable despite year to year fluctuations caused by
environmental factors. Mean return rates were generally around one (...). Our
estimates of return rates were generally well below the threshold for chaos,
which makes it unlikely that chaotic dynamics occur in natural populations -
one of ecology's key unanswered questions.
* [28] On The Stability Of Populations Of Mammals, Birds, Fish And Insects,
[29] R. M. Sibly, D. Barker , J. Hone , M. Page, Oct. 2007, online
2007/09/05, DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01092.x, Ecology Letters
* Contributed by [30] Pritha Das
[28] http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01092.x
[29] mailto:r.m.sibly at reading.ac.uk
[30] mailto:prithadas01 at yahoo.com
_________________________________________________________________
10.01. Predation Linked To Evolution, Study Suggests , ScienceDaily
Excerpts: The fossil record seems to indicate that the diversity of marine
creatures increased and decreased over hundreds of millions of years in step
with predator-prey encounters, (...). For decades, there has been a debate
between paleontologists, biologists, and ecologists on the role of ecological
interactions, such as predation, in the long term patterns of animal evolution.
(...) decided to look at the importance of ecology by surveying the literature
for incidents of predation in marine invertebrates, such as clams and their
relatives. "Today, certain predators leave easy to identify marks on the shells
of their prey, such as clean, round holes," said Huntley. (...)
* [31] Predation Linked To Evolution, Study Suggests, 2007/09/14, ScienceDaily
& Virginia Tech
* Contributed by [32] Atin Das
[31] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070910172717.htm
[32] mailto:dasatin at yahoo.co.in
_________________________________________________________________
10.02. Vibrational Signals In A Gregarious Sawfly Larva ( Perga Affinis ):
Group Coordination Or Competitive Signaling? , J. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Excerpts: Group living confers both benefits and costs to the individuals
involved. Benefits may include enhanced defense, thermoregulation, and
increased foraging efficiency while costs often involve competition for
resources such as food, shelter, and mates. Communication provides a medium of
exchange among individuals engaged in either cooperative or competitive
interactions. The functional analysis of signals within groups therefore
requires testing both cooperative and competitive functions, although the
latter is infrequently done. In this paper, I study the use of two vibrational
signals (...). The vibrational signals in this processionary species likely
function cooperatively to maintain group cohesiveness and coordinate movement.
* [33] Vibrational Signals In A Gregarious Sawfly Larva ( Perga Affinis ):
Group Coordination Or Competitive Signaling?, [34] L. E. Fletcher, Oct. 2007,
Online 2007/05/23, DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0414-2, Journal Behavioral Ecology
and Sociobiology
* Contributed by [35] Pritha Das
[33]
http://www.springerlink.com/content/034j01m11278r235/?p=08ff4945392949d0a77e4b3
fc1af0606&pi=1
[34] mailto:lef23 at cornell.edu
[35] mailto:prithadas01 at yahoo.com
_________________________________________________________________
11. Epigenetics: Perceptive Enzymes , Nature
Excerpts: Adding methyl groups to DNA is a way of regulating some genes and
genomic sequences. Structural analysis reveals that the enzyme complex that
mediates this process shows unexpected sequence specificity. Imprinted genes
are a small but developmentally important set of genes whose expression depends
on the parent from which they are inherited. So, for some of these genes only
the maternally inherited copy is expressed, and for others only the copy
inherited from the father is expressed.
* [36] Epigenetics: Perceptive Enzymes, Anne C. Ferguson-Smith, John M.
Greally, 07/09/13, DOI: 10.1038/449148a, Nature 449, 148-149
[36] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/449148a.html
_________________________________________________________________
12. Unsettling Weather - Explosive Growth Of Humberto Delivers A Warning. ,
Houston Chronicle
Excerpts: As National Hurricane Center senior forecaster James Franklin noted
in an advisory on Humberto, "No tropical cyclone in the historical record has
ever reached this intensity at a faster rate near landfall. It would be nice to
know ... someday ... why this happened." Climatologists are debating whether
hotter oceans generated by man-made global warming are fueling more intense
cyclones. Although only half over, this season is providing intriguing
evidence.
* [37] Unsettling Weather - Explosive Growth Of [Hurricane, Ed.] Humberto
Delivers A Warning., 07/09/13, Houston Chronicle
[37] http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/5133650.html
_________________________________________________________________
13. Cosmic 'Egg-Beaters' May Have Left Magnetic Legacy , New Scientist
Excerpts: Did colossal spinning loops of energy whip up the magnetic fields
that thread through galaxies and may even stretch across intergalactic space?
That's the idea being put forward to explain the universe's mysterious magnetic
fields. (...) Galactic fields have a strength of about 10-10 tesla -
one-hundred-thousandth of Earth's magnetic field - and cosmologists calculate
that they could have been amplified from even weaker "seed fields" in the early
universe of only about 10-34 tesla.
* [38] Cosmic 'Egg-Beaters' May Have Left Magnetic Legacy, Zeeya Merali,
07/09/12, NewScientist.com
[38]
http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg19526215.300?DCMP=NLC-nletter&nsref=mg1
9526215.300
_________________________________________________________________
13.01. Lighting the Universe with Filaments , Science
Excerpts: The first stars in the universe form when chemically pristine gas
heats as it falls into dark-matter potential wells, cools radiatively because
of the formation of molecular hydrogen, and becomes self-gravitating. Using
supercomputer simulations, we demonstrated that the stars' properties depend
critically on the currently unknown nature of the dark matter. If the
dark-matter particles have intrinsic velocities that wipe out small-scale
structure, then the first stars form in filaments with lengths on the order of
the free-streaming scale, (...)
* [39] Lighting the Universe with Filaments, Liang Gao, Tom Theuns, 07/09/14,
Science : 1527-1530.
[39] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1527
_________________________________________________________________
13.02. Dark Matter Clues In Oldest Stars , BBC News
Excerpts: Simulation: Warm dark matter would drive filamentary structures
A computer model of the early Universe indicates the first stars could have
formed in spectacular, long filaments. These structures, which may have been
thousands of light-years across, would have been shaped by "dark matter".
Scientists know very little about this type of matter, even though it accounts
for most of the mass in the cosmos. The researchers told the British
Association (BA) Festival of Science that their work could reveal the true
nature of dark matter.
* [40] Dark Matter Clues In Oldest Stars, Liz Seward, 07/09/14, BBC News
[40] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6993870.stm
_________________________________________________________________
14. Mirror Particles Form New Matter , BBC News
Excerpt: Fragile particles rarely seen in our Universe have been merged with
ordinary electrons to make a new form of matter.
Di-positronium, as the new molecule is known, was predicted to exist in 1946
but has remained elusive to science.
Now, a US team has created thousands of the molecules by merging electrons with
their antimatter equivalent: positrons.
The discovery, reported in the journal Nature, is a key step in the creation of
ultra-powerful lasers known as gamma-ray annihilation lasers.
#body_type2
* [41] Mirror Particles Form New Matter, Jonathan Fildes, 2007/09/12, BBC News
* Contributed by [42] Carlos Gershenson
[41] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6991030.stm
[42] http://homepages.vub.ac.be/~cgershen/
_________________________________________________________________
15. Scientists Unlock Secrets Of Protein Folding , PhysOrg.com
Excerpts: Working on a smaller chain of amino acids known as a peptide, the
group showed that the folding is determined largely by how parts of the peptide
interact with water. Areas that shun water are said to be hydrophobic, and the
team's results show that the way water wets these hydrophobic areas determines
the ultimate shape and behavior of the peptide. In particular, the team
determined that small hydrophobic areas of the peptide, up to the size of a
water molecule, induce different behavior in water than larger hydrophobic
areas, and that this difference is crucial for the folding.
* [43] Scientists Unlock Secrets Of Protein Folding, 07/09/17, PhysOrg.com
[43] http://physorg.com/news109269396.html
_________________________________________________________________
16. Nanoscale Computer Memory Retrieves Data 1,000 Times Faster , PhysOrg.com
Excerpts: Scientists from the University of Pennsylvania have developed
nanowires capable of storing computer data for 100,000 years and retrieving
that data a thousand times faster than existing portable memory devices such as
Flash memory and micro-drives, all using less power and space than current
memory technologies. (...) Fabrication of the nanoscale devices, roughly 100
atoms in diameter, was performed without conventional lithography, the blunt,
top-down manufacturing process that employs strong chemicals and often produces
unusable materials with space, size and efficiency limitations.
* [44] Nanoscale Computer Memory Retrieves Data 1,000 Times Faster, 07/09/17,
PhysOrg.com
[44] http://physorg.com/news109253804.html
_________________________________________________________________
16.01. Sheet Of Carbon Atoms Acts Like A Billiard Table, Physicists Find ,
PhysOrg.com
Excerpts: Image shows graphene, which can act as an atomic-scale billiard
table, with electric charges acting as billiard balls. Credit: Lau lab,
UC-Riverside The finding underscores graphene's potential for serving as an
excellent electronic material, such as silicon, that can be used to develop new
kinds of transistors based on quantum physics. Because they encounter no
obstacles, the electrons in graphene roam freely across the sheet of carbon,
conducting electric charge with extremely low resistance. (...) (...)
electrons in graphene are reflected back by the only obstacle they meet:
graphene's boundaries. "These electrons meet no other obstacles and behave
like quantum billiard balls," (...)
* [45] Sheet Of Carbon Atoms Acts Like A Billiard Table, Physicists Find,
07/09/14, PhysOrg.com
[45] http://www.physorg.com/news109002304.html
_________________________________________________________________
16.02. Phase-Coherent Transport in Graphene Quantum Billiards , Science
Excerpts: As an emergent electronic material and model system for
condensed-matter physics, graphene and its electrical transport properties have
become a subject of intense focus. By performing low-temperature transport
spectroscopy on single-layer and bilayer graphene, we observe ballistic
propagation and quantum interference of multiply reflected waves of charges
from normal electrodes and multiple Andreev reflections from superconducting
electrodes, thereby realizing quantum billiards in which scattering only occurs
at the boundaries.
* [46] Phase-Coherent Transport in Graphene Quantum Billiards, F. Miao, S.
Wijeratne, Y. Zhang, U. C. Coskun, W. Bao, C. N. Lau, 07/09/14, Science :
1530-1533.
[46] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1530
_________________________________________________________________
16.03. Engineering Quantum States Of A Nanoresonator Via A Simple Auxiliary
System , Phys. Rev.
Excerpts: Wigner function generated by the quantum analogue of the chaotic
Duffing oscillator. Blue and green indicate positive and negative values of the
function in phase space. We show how to engineer an extensive range of
nonlinear Hamiltonians for a nanomechanical resonator. The technique requires
only a time-dependent drive applied to a Cooper-pair box or second oscillator
to which the nanoresonator is coupled. This method allows one to generate a
large number of nonclassical states, as well as Hamiltonians whose classical
counterparts are chaotic.
* [47] Engineering Quantum States Of A Nanoresonator Via A Simple Auxiliary
System, Kurt Jacobs, 07/09/14, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 117203
[47] http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v99/e117203
_________________________________________________________________
17. Decentralized Control and Interactive Design Methods for Large-Scale
Heterogeneous Self-Organizing Swarms , ECAL2007
Abstract: We present new methods of decentralized control and inter- active
design for artificial swarms of a large number of agents that can spontaneously
organize and maintain non-trivial heterogeneous forma- tions. Our model assumes
no elaborate sensing, computation, or com- munication capabilities for each
agent; the self-organization is achieved solely by simple kinetic interactions
among agents. Specifications of the final formations are indirectly and
implicitly woven into a list of different kinetic parameter settings and their
proportions, which would be hard to obtain with a conventional top-down design
method but may be designed heuristically through interactive design processes.
See Also: [48] Swarm Chemistry Simulator
* [49] Decentralized Control and Interactive Design Methods for Large-Scale
Heterogeneous Self-Organizing Swarms, Hiroki Sayama, 2007/09/09, Advances in
Artificial Life: Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Artificial
Life (ECAL 2007), in press
* Contributed by [50] Carlos Gershenson
[48] http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~sayama/SwarmChemistry/
[49] http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~sayama/SwarmChemistry/
[50] http://homepages.vub.ac.be/~cgershen/
_________________________________________________________________
18. What Happens To Private Contractors Who Kill Iraqis? Maybe Nothing ,
Salon.com
Excerpts: YURI CORTEZ/AFP/Getty Images A Blackwater helicopter flies low
over Baghdad where a bomb exploded near the Iranian embassy, July 5, 2005.
Blackwater USA employees are accused of killing several civilians, but there
might not be anyone with the authority to prosecute them. (...) "Blackwater and
all these other contractors are beyond the reach of the justice process in Iraq
.
They can not be held to account," says Scott Horton, who chairs the
International Law Committee at the New York City Bar Association. "There is
nothing [the Iraqi government] can do that gives them the right to punish
someone for misbehaving or doing anything else."
* [51] What Happens To Private Contractors Who Kill Iraqis? Maybe Nothing, Alex
Koppelman , Mark Benjamin, 07/09/18, Salon.com
[51] http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/09/18/blackwater/
_________________________________________________________________
19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
_________________________________________________________________
19.01. Scientists Use the "Dark Web" to Snag Extremists and Terrorists Online
Excerpts: The Dark Web project team catalogues and studies places online
where terrorists operate. Terrorists and extremists have set up shop on the
Internet, using it to recruit new members, spread propaganda and plan attacks
across the world. The size and scope of these dark corners of the Web are vast
and disturbing. But in a non-descript building in Tucson, a team of
computational scientists are using the cutting-edge technology and novel new
approaches to track their moves online, providing an invaluable tool in the
global war on terror. (...) This is where the Dark Web project comes in. Using
advanced techniques such as Web spidering, link analysis, (...)
* [52] Scientists Use the "Dark Web" to Snag Extremists and Terrorists Online,
07/09/10, NSF Press Release
[52] http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=110040&org=NSF
_________________________________________________________________
20. Links & Snippets
_________________________________________________________________
20.01. Other Publications
- Using RDF to Model the Structure and Process of Systems, 2007/09/08, arXiv,
DOI: 0709.1167
- Google Sponsors Private Moon Race: Search Giant Offers $30m In Prizes,
2007/09/14, vnunet.com
- Scientists Identify Fundamental Brain Defect, Probable Drug Target In Fragile
X Syndrome, 2007/09/18, Innovations-report
- Russians And Americans Even Get Tired In A Different Way, 2007/09/14,
Innovations-report
- How Dirty Is Your Money?, 2007/09/13, Innovations-report
- Bats Respond To Polarity Of A Magnetic Field, 2007/09/11, Proceedings B:
Biological Sciences, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0904
- A Beetle-Inspired Solution For Underwater Adhesion, 2007/09/11, Interface,
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1171
- Very Young Children Can Step Into The Minds Of Storybook Characters,
2007/09/14, ScienceDaily & Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Scientists Use 'Dark Web' To Snag Extremists And Terrorists Online,
2007/09/14, ScienceDaily & National Science Foundation
- Cyprian Honeybees Kill Their Enemy By Smothering Them, 2007/09/18,
ScienceDaily & Cell Press
- Exact Simulation Of Integrate-And-Fire Models With Exponential Currents, Oct.
2007, Online 2007/08/23, Neural Computation, DOI: 10.1162/neco.2007.19.10.2604
- Measuring Trends In Leisure: The Allocation Of Time Over Five Decades, Aug.
2007, Online 2007/07/30., Quarterly Journal of Economics, DOI:
10.1162/qjec.122.3.969
- Production of Trout Offspring from Triploid Salmon Parents, 07/09/14, Science
: 1517. Transplantation of trout spermatogonia to newborn sterile salmon result
s
in male and female adults that produce trout offspring, a method that may help
revive extinct species.
- Checkers Is Solved, 07/09/14, Science : 1518-1522. A series of up to 200
computers running since 1989 has considered the 5 * 1020 possible positions for
checkers, showing that perfect play always leads to a draw.
- Curry Power - An Age-Old Seasoning Could Help Combat Alzheimer's, 07/09/15,
Science News, A component of the spice turmeric, the color-giving ingredient in
yellow curries, may help prevent and possibly treat Alzheimer's disease.
- Advantage: Starch, 07/09/15, Science News, An enhanced ability to digest
starch may have given early humans an evolutionary advantage over their ape
relatives.
- Exotic Superconducting Properties in the Electron-Hole-Compensated
Heavy-Fermion "Semimetal" URu2Si2, 07/09/14, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 116402
_________________________________________________________________
20.02. Webcast Announcements
[53]
Reseau Nationale des Systemes Complexes , (in French), 2007
[54] World Economic Forum , Davos, Switzerland, 07/01/24-28
TED Talks, TED Conferences LLC , since 2006
Talking Robots: The PodCast on Robotics and AI, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de
Lausanne, Switzerland, 06/11/03
Potentials of Complexity Science for Business, Governments, and the Media 2006,
Budapest, Hungary, 06/08/03-05
6th Intl Conf on Complex Systems (ICCS), Boston, MA, 06/06/25-30
Artificial Life X,
10th Intl Conf on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, Bloomington,
IN, USA. 2006/06/03-07
6th Understanding Complex Systems Symposium, Urbana-Champaign, Il, 06/05/15-18
Ralph Abraham on Complexity Digest, , Calcutta, India, 05/12/27
[55] An Afternoon with Michael Crichton, Washington, 05/11/06
[56]
Illuminating the Shadow of the Future, Ann Arbor, Mi 05/09/23-25
[57]
Open Network of Centres of Excellence in Complex Systems - Brainstorming
Meeting, Paris, France 05/09/19-23
[58]
Complexity, Science & Society Conference 2005, U. Liverpool, UK 2005/09/11-14
[59]
ECAL 2005 - VIIIth European Conference on Artificial Life,
Canterbury, Kent, UK 2005/09/5-9
[60]
T. Irene Sanders, Executive Director and Founder, [61] The Washington Center
for Complexity & Public Policy, 05/08/27, QuickTime video (10:38 min), [62]
Podcast
[63] North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity
2005 Conference, Virtual Conference Network, St. Pete's Beach, Florida,
05/06/09-11
[64] Understanding Complex Systems - Computational Complexity and
Bioinformatics, Virtual Conference Network, Urbana-Champaign, Il, UIUC,
05/05/16-19
[65] Nonlinearity, Fluctuations, and Complexity, with a celebration of the
65th birthday of Gregoire Nicolis. , Complexity Session, Universite' Libre de
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 05/03/16
[66]
1st European Conference on Complex Systems, Torino, Italy, 04/12/5-7
>From Autopoiesis to Neurophenomenology: A Tribute to Francisco Varela
(1946-2001), Paris, France, 2004/06/18-20
Evolutionary Epistemology, Language, and Culture, Brussels, Belgium,
04/05/26-28
International Conference on Complex Systems 2004, Boston, 04/05/16-21
Nonlinear Dynamics And Chaos: Lab Demonstrations, Strogatz, Steven H.,
Internet-First University Press, 1994
CERN Webcast Service, Streamed videos of Archived Lectures and Live Events
Dean LeBaron's Archive of Daily Video Commentary, Ongoing Since February 1998
Edge Videos
[53] http://webcast.in2p3.fr/RNSC/ target=new
[54]
http://gaia.world-television.com/wef/worldeconomicforum_annualmeeting2007/Targe
t=new
[55] http://www.complexsys.org/news.htm target=new
[56] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/05ISF/index.html target=new
[57] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/ONCECS05/ target=new
[58] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/CSS05/ target=new
[59] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/ECAL2005/ target=new
[60] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/Sanders0508/Sanders0508.mov target=new
[61] http://www.complexsys.org/ target=new
[62] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/Sanders0508/Sanders.mp3
[63] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/05NASPSA/ target=new
[64] http://complexity.vub.ac.be/~comdig/05UCS/ target=new
[65] http://www.comdig2.de/Conf/Nicolis05/Target=new
[66] http://www.comdig2.de/Conf/ECCS04/Target=new
_________________________________________________________________
20.03. Conference Announcements
Itl. Conf. on Applications in Nonlinear Dynamics, Poipu Beach, Koloa (Kauai),
Hawaii, 07/09/24-27
3rd Edition of the Econophysics Colloquium , Ancona, Italy, 07/09/27-29
European Conference on Complex Systems 2007 (ECCS'07), Dresden, Germany,
07/10/01-05
Genetic Networks: Models, Simulations and their Application to Biology, ECCS
2007 satellite workshop, Dresden, Germany, 07/10/04-05
Processes Of Emergence Of Systems And Systemic Properties.
Towards A General Theory Of Emergence.
, Castel Ivano (Trento), 07/10/18-20
2nd Annual Conf on The Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Water, West Dover,
Vermont. 07/10/18-21
Smithsonian conference, Creating a Sustainable Future
in a Complex World, Washington, DC, 07/10/27
Intl Conf on Complex Systems 2007, Boston, MA, USA, 07/10/28-11/02
2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM Intl Joint Conf on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent
Technology (WI-IAT'07), Silicon Valley, USA, 07/11/02-05
Theory In Cognitive Neuroscience,
Wildbad Kreuth (Bavaria), Germany, 07/11/04-07
7th Intl Conf on Epigenetic Robotics:
Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems
, Piscataway, NJ, 07/11/05-07
KSS 2007 - 8th Intl Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences, Ishikawa
prefecture, Japan, 07/11/05-07
NetLogo Workshop at Agent 2007 Conference,
Evanston, IL, USA, 07/11/12-14
Australia New Zealand Systems Conference 2007
Systemic development: Local solutions in a global environment? Auckland, New
Zealand, 07/12/02-05
The 3rd Indian Intl Conf on Artificial Intelligence
(IICAI-07), Pune, INDIA, 07/12/17-19
The 1st Conf on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08), Memphis, Tennessee,
USA, 08/03/01-03
The 3rd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference (INSC), Tokyo, Japan,
08/03/13-15
19th European Meeting On Cybernetics And Systems Research, (EMCSR 2008),
Vienna, Austria, 08/03/25-28
The 12th World Multi-Conf on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI
2008, Orlando, Florida, USA, 08/06/29-07/02
>From Animals To Animats 10 - The 10th Intl Conf on the Simulation Of Adaptive
Behavior (SAB'08), Osaka, Japan, 08/07/07-12
Stochastic Resonance 2008, Perugia, Italy, 08/08/17-21
_________________________________________________________________
20.04. Other Announcements
A short notice from Dean LeBaron
Dear ComDig Readers,
Our editor, Dr. Gottfried Mayer, is affectionately esteemed by many of you --
as readers, you know he devotes himself unselfishly to widening our knowledge
of complexity science. He was recently diagnosed with advanced colon cancer and
given a timetable of a very few years. Knowing Gottfried, you can imagine that,
in addition to the customary processes of chemotherapy, he would explore other
frontier therapies, especially those arising out of interdisciplinary
applications of complexity. These are expensive ... if he can find them.
Many of you have sent your good wishes and indicated your desire to assist.
With Gottfrieds permission, I am posting this note with information, below,
about how to send contributions to him. Please indicate the source since
Gottfried will want to express his warm gratitude.
I know that Gottfried, the good scientist that he is, will explain from time to
time what he is doing and what the results are ... and we will follow his
progress with great interest and hope.
Dean LeBaron
Publisher, Complexity Digest
Bank Information:
If your contribution is made by check:
Please mail the check, payable to Gottfried Mayer? to:
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Ref. Gottfried Mayer
Intl Master of Science in Methods For Management Of Complex Systems - Academic
Year 2007-2008, Institute for Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy, 08/01/01
News notes on
Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE)
for July 2007 are now available on-line, 07/08/04
National Humanities Center Launches Humanities/Sciences Website, 07/04, As part
of its ongoing Autonomy, Singularity, Creativity: The Human & The Humanities?pr
oject (ASC), the National Humanities Center makes public a new website for
the initiative which significantly expands the potential pool of humanists and
scientists engaged in the exploration and examination of topics surrounding the
question of human being.
_________________________________________________________________
[67]Complexity Digest is an independent publication available to
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