[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Sat Oct 13 12:00:00 UTC 2007
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 4 new articles
1. [3]Future and past productivity improvement
2. [4]Applying metamaterial invisibility for electromagnetic
wormholes
3. [5]50-100 nanometer nanodiamond particles good for drug delivery
4. [6]New force-fluorescence device measures nanometer-scale motion
and pico-newton forces
5. [7]More Recent Articles
6. [8]Search advanced nanotechnology
[9]Future and past productivity improvement
[10]There is a post at the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN)
about how if nanofactory level nanotechnology is created that there
will not be nano Santa Claus creating a post-capitalist society with
abundance for everyone.
The CRN post goes onto discuss the Dale Carrico prescription of a
guaranteed income in order to redistribute the bounty to everyone. I
have questioned the specifics of the implementation and the expected
benefits of a major income redistribution via a guaranteed income
method. I have also researched the existing levels of taxation,
welfare states etc... There is some financial means to implement those
programs and a case can be made that we do not know that it would be
inferior to replacing current wasteful uses of those funds. I question
going beyond the range shown to be not extremely problematic in
current successful modern countries. Complete income redistribution
and taxation over 50% seems to be clearly problematic (Cuba, old
Soviet Union, Maoist China).
I agree with the first part that a large productivity increase does
not mean more stuff and bounty for everyone. Just as the productivity
and wealth gains of the 1820-now did not mean everyone got rich. It
did mean that many more did have the opportunity for better lives. But
some countries ended up being left behind and many people not do well
in countries which did well overall.
[11]An interesting historical analysis of productivity growth is in
this online book about Technology and productivity.
The great growth of productivity is correlated with 4 great inventions
and the spreading availability of them. They also spawned and were the
source of follow on inventions and process improvement.
1. Electric light- longer productive day
2. Electric motor and combustion engine
- faster, more flexible movement, powering mass production and
industry
3. Petro refining, chemicals, plastics, pharma
- rearranging matter into more productive forms
4. Electricity and electronics for entertainment, communication and
info
- started markets had more impact than later improvements. being able
to send a telegraph was replacing pony express and couriers was a
bigger leap than phone vs telegraph etc...
Information technology from 1950s onward and the Internet from 90s
onward have created a productivity growth surge which so far has been
less than the early big 4 inventions.
The believe that there a revolution in materials is continuing and is
delivering a larger increase in material capability than early petro,
chemical, plastics and pharma. This is not molecular manufacturing
(MM) dependent as it is already occurring. MM would help to accelerate
and enhance the distribution of the effect and would allow for more
flexible and powerful applications. The material revolution is micro
and nanograined metals which are several times stronger, carbon
nanotubes and materials with properties which are enhanced by
controlled design at the molecular level.
I believe that supply of material and energy can be massively
transformed by development of access to space resources and with new
energy technology such as nuclear fusion and/or mass produced nuclear
fission and/or massive amounts of solar power collection. This would
mean enhanced energy availability and energy density. Also, a doubling
of energy available and elimination of many energy losses via usage of
superconducting wire, superconducting motors and thermoelectronics.
Again this is not molecular manufacturing dependent but would be
accelerated and enhanced by molecular manufacturing.
Vastly superior automation, robotics and production also would have a
transformative effect. There is the application of devices like the
iRobot vacuum cleaner and now window cleaners. There is the
development of effective robotic driving of cars (DARPA challenge). We
already have had robotic assembly lines, but the widespread
application of robotic driving and Halo video conferencing could free
up a lot of unproductive commuting time. Also, the automation of
functions outside of the factory would spread the productivity boost
around to other parts of the economy.
However, as in the past the boost to factory productivity primarily
benefited the factory owner and shareholders. Some factory workers had
some of the benefits after they unionized and captured them with
collective bargaining. These new boosts in productivity are being
captured by those companies and individuals with a business plan that
leverages them.
I believe that new technology will enable productivity gains that are
larger than the big 4 inventions of the past and which will have their
absorption and effect into the economy in shorter elapsed timeframe.
Existing societal and national structures and institutions will likely
adapt to the extent that they have with past increases in productivity
and wealth.
The current state of affairs means that massive increases in
production and massive drops in cost do not diffuse to many parts of
the world economy. The decrease in computer PC prices by 40-100 times
since there introduction and for computers in general of 10,000 times
and increase in their power did not provide benefits to many people in
Africa and Asia. The recent $100-150 laptop effort has been an attempt
at addressing this.
Economies will need to restructure and many new radical process
improvements will need to be made to fully capture the benefits of new
technologies. Individuals will need to recognize opportunities, risks
and make the correct choices to capture benefits and avoid negative
effects.
I see the future situation as not a nano-Santa Claus but a series of
massive sales at Walmart (with more new and better stuff at lower
prices and tomorrows prices often lower than today's everyday low
prices), where you still have to find a way to make your money
(salary, business, investment whatever) and then elbow your way past
the other shoppers to get the best bargains or arrange for internet
orders and delivery (which means you have to have a good connection, a
computer, electrical power and the supplier has to not have their
website swamped and their fulfilment systems and processes working).
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[24]Applying metamaterial invisibility for electromagnetic wormholes
[25]Allan Greenleaf, professor of mathematics at the University of
Rochester, and his coauthors lay out the possibility of building a
sort of invisible tunnel between two points in space.
invisible tunnel, electromagnetic wormhole
Invisible tunnel
Current technology can create objects invisible only to microwave
radiation, but the mathematical theory allows for the wormhole
effect for electromagnetic waves of all frequencies. With this in
mind, Greenleaf and his coauthors propose several possible
applications. Endoscopic surgeries where the surgeon is guided by
MRI imaging are problematical because the intense magnetic fields
generated by the MRI scanner affect the surgeon's tools, and the
tools can distort the MRI images. Greenleaf says, however, that
passing the tools through an EM wormhole could effectively hide
them from the fields, allowing only their tips to be "visible" at
work.
Greenleaf and his coauthors speculated on one use of the
electromagnetic wormhole that sounds like something out of science
fiction. If the metamaterials making up the tube were able to bend
all wavelengths of visible light, they could be used to make a 3D
television display. Imagine thousands of thin wormholes sticking up
out of a box like a tuft of long grass in a vase. The wormholes
themselves would be invisible, but their ends could transmit light
carried up from below. It would be as if thousands of pixels were
simply floating in the air.
But that idea, Greenleaf concedes, is a very long way off. Even
though the mathematics now says that it's possible, it's up to
engineers to apply these results to create a working prototype.
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[38]50-100 nanometer nanodiamond particles good for drug delivery
This is a precursor proof of the effectiveness of nanomedicine
concepts of [39]Robert Freitas.
[40]Northwestern University researchers have shown that nanodiamonds
-- much like the carbon structure as that of a sparkling 14 karat
diamond but on a much smaller scale -- are very effective at
delivering chemotherapy drugs to cells without the negative effects
associated with current drug delivery agents.
Their study, published online by the journal Nano Letters, is the
first to demonstrate the use of nanodiamonds, a new class of
nanomaterials, in biomedicine. In addition to delivering cancer
drugs, the model could be used for other applications, such as
fighting tuberculosis or viral infections, say the researchers.
Nanodiamonds promise to play a significant role in improving cancer
treatment by limiting uncontrolled exposure of toxic drugs to the
body. The research team reports that aggregated clusters of
nanodiamonds were shown to be ideal for carrying a chemotherapy
drug and shielding it from normal cells so as not to kill them,
releasing the drug slowly only after it reached its cellular
target.
To make the material effective, Ho and his colleagues manipulated
single nanodiamonds, each only two nanometers in diameter, to form
aggregated clusters of nanodiamonds, ranging from 50 to 100
nanometers in diameter. The drug, loaded onto the surface of the
individual diamonds, is not active when the nanodiamonds are
aggregated; it only becomes active when the cluster reaches its
target, breaks apart and slowly releases the drug. (With a diameter
of two to eight nanometers, hundreds of thousands of diamonds could
fit onto the head of a pin.)
"The nanodiamond cluster provides a powerful release in a localized
place -- an effective but less toxic delivery method," said
co-author Eric Pierstorff, a molecular biologist and post-doctoral
fellow in Ho's research group. Because of the large amount of
available surface area, the clusters can carry a large amount of
drug, nearly five times the amount of drug carried by conventional
materials.
Liposomes and polymersomes, both spherical nanoparticles, currently
are used for drug delivery. While effective, they are essentially
hollow spheres loaded with an active drug ready to kill any cells,
even healthy cells that are encountered as they travel to their
target. Liposomes and polymersomes also are very large, about 100
times the size of nanodiamonds -- SUVs compared to the nimble
nanodiamond clusters that can circulate throughout the body and
penetrate cell membranes more easily.
Unlike many of the emerging nanoparticles, nanodiamonds are soluble
in water, making them clinically important. "Five years ago while
working in Japan, I first encountered nanodiamonds and saw it was a
very soluble material," said materials scientist Houjin Huang, lead
author of the paper and also a post-doctoral fellow in Ho's group.
"I thought nanodiamonds might be useful in electronics, but I
didn't find any applications. Then I moved to Northwestern to join
Dean and his team because they are capable of engineering a broad
range of devices and materials that interface well with biological
tissue. Here I've focused on using nanodiamonds for biomedical
applications, where we've found success.
"Nanodiamonds are very special," said Huang. "They are extremely
stable, and you can do a lot of chemistry on the surface, to
further functionalize them for targeting purposes. In addition to
functionality, they also offer safety -- the first priority to
consider for clinical purposes. It's very rare to have a
nanomaterial that offers both."
"It's about optimizing the advantages of a material," said Ho, a
member of the Lurie Cancer Center. "Our team was the first to forge
this area -- applying nanodiamonds to drug delivery. We've talked
to a lot of clinicians and described nanodiamonds and what they can
do. I ask, `Is that useful to you?' They reply, `Yes, by all
means.'"
For their study, Ho and his team used living murine macrophage
cells, human colorectal carcinoma cells and doxorubicin
hydrochloride, a widely used chemotherapy drug. The drug was
successfully loaded onto the nanodiamond clusters, which
efficiently ferried the drug inside the cells. Once inside, the
clusters broke up and slowly released the drug.
In the genetic studies, the researchers exposed cells to the bare
nanodiamonds (no drug was present) and analyzed three genes
associated with inflammation and one gene for apoptosis, or cell
death, to see how the cells reacted to the foreign material.
Looking into the circuitry of the cell, they found no toxicity or
inflammation long term and a lack of cell death. In fact, the cells
grew well in the presence of the nanodiamond material.
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[53]New force-fluorescence device measures nanometer-scale motion and
pico-newton forces
[54]A hybrid device combining force and fluorescence developed by
researchers at the University of Illinois has made possible the
accurate detection of nanometer-scale motion of biomolecules caused by
pico-newton forces.
"By combining single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy
transfer and an optical trap, we now have a technique that can
detect subtle conformational changes of a biomolecule at an
extremely low applied force," said U. of I. physics professor
Taekjip Ha, the corresponding author of a paper to appear in the
Oct. 12 issue of the journal Science
The hybrid technique, demonstrated in the Science paper on the
dynamics of Holliday junctions, is also applicable to other nucleic
acid systems and their interaction with proteins and enzymes.
The Holliday junction is a four-stranded DNA structure that forms
during homologous recombination - for example, when damaged DNA is
repaired. The junction is named after geneticist Robin Holliday,
who proposed the model of DNA-strand exchange in 1964.
To better understand the mechanisms and functions of proteins that
interact with the Holliday junction, researchers must first
understand the structural and dynamic properties of the junction
itself.
But purely mechanical measurement techniques can not detect the
tiny changes that occur in biomolecules in the regime of weak
forces. Ha and colleagues have solved this problem by combining the
exquisite force control of an optical trap and the precise
measurement capabilities of single-molecule fluorescence resonance
energy transfer.
With this latest work, the researchers have deduced the pathway of
the conformational flipping of the Holliday junction, and
determined the intermediate structure is similar to that of a
Holliday junction bound to its own processing enzyme.
"The next challenge is to obtain a timeline of movement by force,
for example, due to the action of DNA processing enzymes, and
correlate it with the enzyme conformational changes simultaneously
measured by fluorescence," Ha said.
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73. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3w2NDY1MXxldWdlbkBsZWl0bC5vcmd8OTQwMjk=_
74. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Subscriptions=64651
75. http://www.feedblitz.com/f
76. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3x8ZXVnZW5AbGVpdGwub3JnfDk0MDI5_
77. http://www.feedblitz.com/
78. http://www.feedblitz.com/
----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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