[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Thu Nov 29 10:16:19 UTC 2007
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 4 new articles
1. [3]Stabilizing Iraq using In depth understanding and connection
with the local people
2. [4]Molecular map for aging created for Mice
3. [5]Vasimr engines plus 200 MW of nuclear "batteries" = 39 days to
Mars
4. [6]Nuclear battery can be used to help blunt peak oil
5. [7]More Recent Articles
6. [8]Search advanced nanotechnology
[9]Stabilizing Iraq using In depth understanding and connection with the
local people
[10]A seven section article from Wired about how the situation in Iraq
has been stabilized.
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[24]Molecular map for aging created for Mice
[25]Previous studies have studied gene expression changes during aging
in just one tissue. The new work stands out because it is much larger
and more complete, including aging data for 16 different tissues and
containing over 5.5 million expression measurements.
One noteworthy result is that some tissues (such as the thymus,
eyes and lung) show large changes in which genes are active in old
age whereas other tissues (such as liver and cerebrum) show little
or none, suggesting that different tissues may degenerate to
different degrees in old mice.
Another insight is that there are three distinct patterns of aging,
and that tissues can be grouped according to which aging pathway
they take. This result indicates that there are three different
clocks for aging that may or may not change synchronously, and that
an old animal may be a mixture of tissues affected by each of the
different aging clocks.
Finally, the report compares aging in mice to aging in humans.
Several aging pathways were found to be the same, and these could
be interesting because they are relevant to human aging and can
also be scientifically studied in mice.
CITATION: Zahn JM, Poosala S, Owen AB, Ingram DK, Lustig A, et al.
(2007) AGEMAP: A gene expression database for aging in mice. PLoS
Genet 3(11): e201. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030201,
http://www.plosgenetics.org
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[39]Vasimr engines plus 200 MW of nuclear "batteries" = 39 days to Mars
[40]A proposed portable nuclear reactor (simplified solid core) is the
size of a hot tub and will be able to generate 27MW. It is in funded
development. A 200 KW version of the Vasimr engine is being ground
tested in 2008 and a flight version is being readied for 2010. Seven
of the nuclear generators would provide 200 MW of power to enable 39
day one way trips to Mars. Two technologies that are both in funded
development and with no major feasibility questions could
revolutionize space travel.
[2071254673_a7e0a24856.jpg?v=0]
The proposed nuclear "battery" reactor
The total critical mass is from 600-1200 kg. The total mass for the
nuclear reactor is probably under 100 tons and possibly in the 10-20
ton range. A nuclear powered Vasimr rocket would enable one way trips
to Mars in 39 days and delivering 22 tons of payload. Vasimr engines
can get up to 50,000 ISP which is 1100 times more fuel efficient than
the Space Shuttle. The nuclear space vehicle would weigh about
600-1500 tons fully fulled. So it would take several launches using
chemical rockets to put the pieces in orbit for assembly. A slightly
scaled back system with one or two nuclear reactors would still enable
trip to Mars for 70-100 day trips to Mars.
There is no serious scientific question about whether these two
technologies (improved nuclear fission and Vasimr plasma propulsion)
will work. It is a matter of funding the work and doing the
engineering development.
[41]Combining this power source which is targeting 2012 operation with
Vasimr plasma drive would then enable very good space transportation
out to Mars or the asteriods.
[2071635431_bd3af51a90_m.jpg]
Franklin Chang Diaz and his 200 kw Vasimr engine
[42]This 28 slide presentation by Andrew Petro of NASA shows that
using a Vasimr propulsion system with 200MW of nuclear power would
enable a one way trip to Mars in 39 days.
[2072410036_f7c1afef70_o.jpg]
Information on the 200MW Vasimr system and one way travel times to
Mars
The VASIMR system is a high power, electrothermal plasma rocket
featuring a very high specific impulse (Isp) and a variable
exhaust. Its unique architecture allows inflight
mission-optimization of thrust and Isp to enhance performance and
reduce trip time. VASIMR consists of three major magnetic stages
where plasma is respectively injected, heated and expanded in a
magnetic nozzle. The magnetic configuration is called an asymmetric
mirror. The 1st stage handles the main injection of propellant gas
and the ionization subsystem; the 2nd stage acts as an amplifier to
further heat the plasma. The 3rd stage is a magnetic nozzle which
converts the plasma energy into directed momentum. The magnetic
field insulates nearby structures from the high plasma temperature
(>1,000,000 oK.) It is produced by high temperature superconductors
cooled mainly by radiation to deep space. Some supplemental cooling
from the cryogenic propellants ( hydrogen, deuterium, helium or
mixtures of these) may also be used.
The system is capable of high power density, as the plasma energy
is delivered by wave action, making it electrodeless and less
susceptible to component erosion. Plasma production is done in the
1st stage by a helicon discharge, while additional plasma heating
is accomplished in the 2nd stage by the process of ion cyclotron
resonance.
[43]Another paper analyzing vasimr engines
FURTHER READING
[44]Another nuclear powered vehicle that we have the technology to
start building now is the liberty ship a gaseous core nuclear design.
It could launch 1000 tons into orbit in one trip and would not leak
any nuclear material. This kind of design is needed to greatly improve
launching from earth to orbit. The nuclear Vasimr only helps with
getting from orbit to anywhere else.
[45]Be sure to read my analysis of the patent for the nuclear
"battery" a solid core uranium hydride reactor.
[46]MIT interview with Franklin Chang Diaz, president and CEO of Ad
Astra Rocket Company, who is working on the Vasimr propulsion system
that could shorten trips in space and improve fuel efficiency.
For Mars and beyond, we will need to develop nuclear electric
power. If we don't, we might as well quit. We're not going to get
anywhere without it.
I also would not want to send people to Mars on a fragile and
power-limited ship. If you send people that far, you have to give
them a fighting chance to survive, and the only way you can do that
is if you have ample supplies of power. Power is life in space.
[47]Here is a 47 slide presentation by Tim Glover on a 12MW Vasimr
system.
[2072512364_818769794b.jpg?v=0]
Tim Glover's presentation shows components that would be needed for
high power Vasimr systems like this 4MW ICRF antenna
[2072512362_815aeb2c8b.jpg?v=0]
Size of parts for a 1MW Vasimr engine
[2072512356_8564ae9d90.jpg?v=0]
2.8 MW RF power converter
[2072512352_8bb4c42048_o.jpg]
The components and weights of a 2.5MW vasimr engine design
[48]This pdf from 2003 surveyed various near term propulsion options
for trips to Mars.
[49]If we get fusion power working then we can do even better.
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[63]Nuclear battery can be used to help blunt peak oil
[64]The technology recognized is a self-stabilizing nuclear power
source invented by Dr. Otis Peterson. It is a compact device capable
of generating high levels of thermal power and is self-regulating to a
constant temperature of operation. I think that a few thousand of
these devices should be used for enhanced recovery of oil from the oil
sands and oil shale, while we transition off of oil. I think that
thousands of these reactors could be used to displace coal power. They
could be buried on the property of existing coal plants (shut down the
coal plants and use these devices) and at existing nuclear power
sites. Later after there has been more operating experience with them,
they could be positioned inside cities and towns.
UPDATE: The blunting and delay in peak oil would operate in the
following way. This technology make it three times cheaper and faster
(less infrastructure and piping) to tap 1.1 trillion barrels of oil
that is in the form of oil shale in the USA. Increasing US oil
reserves by 30-40 times and perhaps eliminating the need for oil
imports in 10-15 years. Helping to more economically unlock global
oilsands and oil shale. Plus it would at the same time allow up a 100
year transition to a lot more nuclear power and renewables. It would
be possible for a shorter transition with less air pollution and
fossil fuel use as well by eliminating coal. It would provide for
20-50 times more efficient use of Uranium and allow for the use of
Thorium.
The nuclear device uses uranium hydride crystals and hydrogen
isotopes to create an internal, self-regulating balance.
uranium hydride nuclear reactor schematic
Nuclear battery schematic
uranium hydride nuclear reactor schematic
Another schematic of the self contained uranium hydride reactor
[65]The initial claimed ($1400/kw) prices look similar to the cost of
[66]latest generation 3.5 of large scale conventional nuclear
reactors. I believe Thorium reactors would be better in terms of fuel
efficiency (lack of waste), however, the nuclear battery could get up
to 50% fuel burnup compared to 1-2% for conventional reactors which is
very good. Thorium hydrides could also be used. A Thorium molten salt
reactor could achieve nearly 100% burnup of the fuel.
I have looked at the [67]patent for the Hyperion reactor. It is
different from regular nuclear reactors but it is not like the
radioisotope thermal generators.
The present invention is based on and takes advantage of the
physical properties of a fissile metal hydride, such as uranium
hydride, which serves as a combination fuel and moderator. The
invention is self-stabilizing and requires no moving mechanical
components to control nuclear criticality. In contrast with
customary designs, the control of the nuclear activity is achieved
through the temperature driven mobility of the hydrogen isotope
contained in the hydride. If the core temperature increases above a
set point, the hydrogen isotope dissociates from the hydride and
escapes out of the core, the moderation drops and the power
production decreases. If the temperature drops, the hydrogen
isotope is again associated by the fissile metal hydride and the
process is reversed.
They have many good features Hyperion also offers a 70% reduction in
operating costs (based on costs for field-generation of steam in
oil-shale recovery operations), from $11 per million BTU for natural
gas to $3 per million BTU for Hyperion. The possibility of mass
production, operation and standardization of design, allows for
significant savings.
Because of the inherent properties of uranium hydride, Hyperion is
"cleaner," producing only a tiny fraction of the waste produced by
other types of reactors. Water is not used in the process, so there is
no danger of pollution to local water bodies.
One of the greatest energy conundrums is accessing the estimated 500+
billion barrels of recoverable oil in U.S. oil shale fields. Hyperion
would change the current almost self-defeating cost-production ratio
caused by the use of natural gas to power steam engine extraction and
refinery machinery. Over five years, a single Hyperion reactor can
save $2 billion in operating costs in a heavy oil field.
[68]I have examined the use of conventional nuclear reactors to assist
with extracting oil from the oilsands.
[69]I also looked at the impact in regards to water usage for
conventional reactors. These nuclear batteries would not use water.
I believe that the Hyperion reactors would be 25-50% of the cost for
the energy sources compared to the CANDU reactor approach. The
Hyperion site claims to be 30% of the cost of [70]natural gas
approaches to insitu recovery of oil shale. (70 Hyperion reactors to
equal the nearly 2000 MW of thermal energy from the CANDU) The
Hyperion reactor would have the advantages of not need to use water
and the numerous small reactors could be used in a more flexible way
to directly heat the oilsands or shale. This flexibility and direct
heating would further reduce the costs of oil extraction with the need
for less additional infrastructure (no pipes for the steam or to bring
in water etc...)
So there are definitely good and large energy niches for the Hyperion
reactor. Smaller reactors with similar per KW costs as larger reactors
allow for more distributed power and less losses in transmission.
If they can hit the $40 million per 27 MW unit, that would be very
good. Ultimately I believe the Thorium molten salt reactor is better,
but both technologies are useful. The molten salt reactor would also
be made smaller, safer, cleaner and cheaper and more fuel efficient.
I hope the Hyperion proceeds, it is definitely a lot better than coal
and oil and natural gas. 4000 of them would double the energy in the
USA from nuclear power. At $100-160 billion, (lower end cost based on
lower prices from mass production efficiencies.) they would be worth
it and would be great for helping the US blunt peak oil by better
tapping oil shale and Canada to tap the oil sands.
FURTHER READING
[71]Even if one wanted to use uranium hydride for a bomb it would only
be as powerful as the largest chemical bombs. 200tons of TNT
equivalent
[72]Here is the patent for the Hyperion nuclear (uranium hydride)
battery.
Uranium hydride has been demonstrated as a reactor fuel (G. A.
Linenberger, et al., "Enriched-Uranium Hydride Critical
Assemblies", Nucl. Sci. & Eng. 7, 44-57 (1960)), it has heretofore
been unknown to exploit the volatility of the hydrogen as a control
mechanism for the fission activity.
The invention is preferably limited in operation to the temperature
range from approximately 350.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. for
UH.sub.3 based fuel, where the dissociation pressure, shown in FIG.
5, of the hydride is in the range that permits efficient gas
transport. The data comes from "The H-U System," Bulletin of Alloy
Phase Diagrams, 1, No. 2 (1980), pp. 99-106. This temperature range
is fortuitous because it includes the near optimum temperature for
operation of steam boilers, i.e., the mid-500.degree. C. range.
Samuel Glasstone, Principles of Nuclear Reactor Engineering, D. Van
Nostrand Co. (1955), .sctn.1.24.
The "C" curve for 4.9% enriched uranium is the most appropriate for
estimating the critical mass for this device. The line from 15 kg
past 30 kg has been extrapolated from the published data and the
critical mass for the hydride power source can be estimated from
this extrapolation to be approximately 30 kg of U.sup.235 for the H
to U.sup.235 ratio of 61, which is characteristic of UH.sub.3
enriched to 4.9%. This value is approximately double the critical
mass measured for 93% enriched uranium hydride: G. A. Linenberger,
et al., "Enriched-Uranium Hydride Critical Assemblies," Nuclear
Science and Engineering: 7, 44-57 (1960).
Thorium hydride may ultimately be even more attractive than uranium
hydride because separating the fissile components from the fertile
components would be a chemical separation instead of an isotopic
separation. Furthermore, the fissile product of thorium absorption
of a neutron is U.sup.233, a very attractive fissile fuel for
reactors.
Thorium also permits higher temperature operation of the reactor
because of its high melting temperature, 1755.degree. C. The higher
temperature operation offers the possibility of higher efficiency
conversion of the thermal power generated by the reactor to
electrical power. The high melting temperature would complicate the
zone refining processing of the spent fuel, however, alloys of
thorium and uranium would reduce the melting temperature. For a
wide range of compositions on the uranium rich side of the phase
diagram the melting point of the alloy is a fixed value of
1375.degree. C. On the thorium rich side of the phase diagram, the
melting temperature is approximately linear with thorium content
from the 1375 to the 1755.degree. C. point for compositions from 50
to 100% thorium.
Fissile fuel burnup of at least 50% should be achievable with
adequate design.
[73]MIT has looked at the many small nuclear reactor concepts.
UPDATE: [74]I have written an article on combining this reactor
technology with Vasimr plasma engines to enable fast (39 day) trips to
Mars.
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65. http://www.hyperionpowergeneration.com/
66. http://nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower
67. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20040062340.html
68. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/05/nuclear-powered-oil-sands-follow-up.html
69. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/05/more-nuclear-oilsands-water.html
70. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/11/oil-from-shale-progress.html
71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_hydride_bomb
72. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20040062340.html
73. http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/15865/page1/?a=f
74. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/11/vasimr-engines-plus-200-mw-of-nuclear.html
75. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=Y4dL7qB
76. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=3kJO1kB
77. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=14utPjb
78. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=VosZe7b
79. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=IWZlgpb
80. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=eH08pxB
81. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=xWssitb
82. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~f/blogspot/advancednano?a=J63HUXB
83. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Fwd2FriendEdit=64651;10240;http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191977923/nuclear-battery-can-be-used-to-help.html;Nuclear%20battery%20can%20be%20used%20to%20help%20blunt%20peak%20oil;106137
84. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Search=64651;10240;nuclear,oilsands,thorium,future,coal,energy,environment;Nuclear%20battery%20can%20be%20used%20to%20help%20blunt%20peak%20oil;106137
85. http://www.feedblitz.com/related.asp?http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191977923/nuclear-battery-can-be-used-to-help.html
86. http://www.talkr.com/app/text_to_audio.app?feed_url=http%3a%2f%2ffeeds.feedburner.com%2fblogspot%2fadvancednano&permalink=http%3a%2f%2ffeeds.feedburner.com%2f~r%2fblogspot%2fadvancednano%2f~3%2f191977923%2fnuclear-battery-can-be-used-to-help.html&src=5
87. LYNXIMGMAP:file://localhost/tmp/mutt.html#outbrainMap_64651_3
88. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191428312/google-funding-renewable-energy-cheaper.html
89. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191151703/chinese-yuan-continues-to-appreciate.html
90. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191146023/dwaves-presentation-from-sc07.html
91. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191134589/continuing-discussion-of-80-billion.html
92. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/191122161/congress-pushes-for-re-examination-of.html
93. http://tagline.feedblitz.com/nfc?affid=10059&sender=cf515ead64587146fb6815a2a013d226,feedblitz.com&rcpt=8da0e5c5ebdabb2bd85a8a5d3a603a7c,leitl.org&ranstr=70ce3c9d-9e5b-11dc-a0f7-003005ce&group=64651
94. http://www.feedblitz.com/adfaq.asp
95. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3w2NDY1MXxldWdlbkBsZWl0bC5vcmd8MTA2MTM3_
96. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Subscriptions=64651
97. http://www.feedblitz.com/f
98. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3x8ZXVnZW5AbGVpdGwub3JnfDEwNjEzNw==_
99. http://www.feedblitz.com/
100. http://www.feedblitz.com/
----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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