[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Sat Nov 24 09:46:06 UTC 2007
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 4 new articles
1. [3]Carnival of Space week 30
2. [4]Neutron scatter Camera detects nuclear bombs at a distance
3. [5]More technical details on Dwave System's Quantum Computing
4. [6]Der Spiegel indicates radiation deaths are exaggerated
5. [7]More Recent Articles
6. [8]Search advanced nanotechnology
[9]Carnival of Space week 30
[10]Carnival of space 30 is up at bad astronomy The latests methods to
find extrasolar planets, fusion rockets if bussard fusion works, more
astronomy of planets and comets, new space finance and [11]Obama's
position on space. Obama would cut space programs and use the funds
for education.
[12]Mini black holes are discussed
[13]Centauri dreams forecasts that in 2015 we will have discovered a
lot more extrasolar planets (with planetary transit techniques, but
also robotics and better telescopes) and gotten spectrographic
analysis of any atmospheres. Spectrographic analysis using the light
from the object to tell us what elements it is made.
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[27]Neutron scatter Camera detects nuclear bombs at a distance
[28]Neutron cameras "can detect, unambiguously, at a greater distance,
and through more shielding," said Jim Lund, manager of the Rad/Nuc
Detection Systems group at [29]Sandia National Laboratories in
Alameda, Calif.
neutron scatter camera
The neutron scatter camera has an advantage over traditional neutron
detection because it can differentiate low energy neutrons from high
energy neutrons.
While some gamma rays can be blocked from detectors, neutrons are much
more difficult to conceal. In a lab test, the camera easily detected
and imaged a source placed across the hallway, through several walls
and cabinets. The camera has the potential to reduce false alarm rates
-- a critical issue for in-transit radiation detection.
If brought within a few feet of nuclear material, current gamma-ray
detectors can see through shielding, but there are too many ships
and containers to scan them all up close.
A neutron scatter camera works by arraying two orthogonal detectors
so that any incident neutrons can be traced to a specific
trajectory in three-dimensional space--thus identifying the
direction from which they came, as well as their energy level.
Low-energy background neutrons, from cosmic rays and elsewhere, are
ignored, while the high-energy neutrons typical of radioactive
materials are imaged, albeit not in real time. Once an image is
processed--taking several minutes--it reveals all the nuclear
hot-spots within its field of view and at a distance (the exact
distance is classified).
The extreme sensitivity of a neutron-scatter camera is exacted at a
price, however, since the liquid detectors used by the neutron
camera are too bulky to be handheld, are inflammable, are hazardous
to humans, and require special handling and disposal procedures. A
neutron-scatter camera could, however, be mounted on the back of a
truck for mobile duty at a seaport, or from the deck of a Coast
Guard vessel that scans incoming cargo ships.
The detectors are housed in a proton-rich liquid-filled
scintillator, which fluoresces when struck by neutrons. The protons
serve as the bumpers off which the neutrons bounce, scattering
about (thus, "neutron scatter") like billiard balls. The impact
nudges the protons to a higher energy level, but when they fall
back to normal they shed a photon to get rid of the extra energy.
Photomultiplier tubes are coupled to the scintillator to detect the
visible light photons. Software analyzes the output from the
photomultiplier and constructs a visual image that identifies the
nuclear hot spots.
Next, the research group is going to calibrate its detector by
locating several in the normal environment in which they will be
used--one is already at sea, and several more will be located
around New Mexico and California. The normal background neutrons
scattered in these locations will enable the units to be calibrated
to prevent future false alarms. After calibration, they will be
tested with real concealed nuclear materials.
The researchers also claim that solid scintillator materials are
possible to engineer, but the effort to do so will have to follow
on successful completion of the current calibration and testing
regimes.
Neutron-scatter camera and a gamma-ray detector need to be used
together.
FURTHER READING
[30]Current and future port security
[31]DIY nuclear weapon detectors patrol SF Bay
[32]Gamma ray telescope may be used to detect plutonium
[33]New Sensor Technology Detects Chemical, Biological, Nuclear And
Explosive Materials at a distance
[34]Superconductors used to distinguish nuclear material
[35]Surveillance blimp
[36]High resolution Lidar
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[50]More technical details on Dwave System's Quantum Computing
[51]D-Wave Senior Scientist and condensed matter physicist Mohammad
Amin gave a highly technical presentation at MIT. (54 slides in this
power point presentation) Dwave recently demonstrated a 28 qubit
computer. They are predicting that they will have 512 qubit and 1024
qubit quantum computer systems in 2008. If Dwave is successful then in
2009 it will begin to greatly accelerate the development of molecular
nanotechnology which needs better molecular modeling.
adiabatic quantum computer required conditions
Adiabatic quantum computer (AQC) required conditions
Theory from 2001 requires an energy gap
AQC Theory from 2001 requires an energy gap
Theory predicts energy levels
AQC Theory predicts energy levels
Experimental measurements show energy levels consistent with quantum
noise
Experimental measurements show energy levels consistent with quantum
noise
Experimental measurements fit the theory
Experimental measurements fit the theory
What the difference regions of quantum effects, mixed effects and
classical effects would be
What the difference regions of quantum effects, mixed effects and
classical effects would be
[2057812312_5af89ee0e5.jpg?v=0]
Interpreting several Measurements
the experimental results are indicating that Dwave is looking at
quantum results
The experimental results are indicating that Dwave is looking at
quantum results
FURTHER READING
[52]The point of view of Dwave skeptic Scott Aaronson
Amin and Berkley maintained that their 16-qubit device was indeed a
quantum computer and their evidence was that simulations of its
behavior that took quantum mechanics into account gave, they said,
a better fit to the data than simulations that didn't. On the other
hand, they said they were not able to test directly for the
presence of any quantum effect such as entanglement. (They agreed
that entanglement was a non-negotiable requirement for quantum
computing.)
[53]Dwave CTO Geordie Rose replies in the comments
Finally, the variety of demos we've run (including sudoku, image
matching, etc.) are not "crap". They use a novel hybrid approach to
integrating QCs into classical solvers. In hindsight it is pretty
obvious that to make any QC useful it needs to be integrated with
the best known classical techniques regardless of what quantum
algorithm it's embodying. And while I've said this 10^87 times I'll
say it again: what we're doing is explicitly heuristic and has no
global optimality guarantees. While you can use the system we're
building on decision problems it is natively an optimization solver
for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems
From another commenter:
How then does Dwave "solve" the image feature matching problem
using just 28 bits, for images that are large and have many
features (such as those that Dwave used in their SC demo)?
Apparently they "cheat" and break the overall problem into many
small maximum common subgraph problems (of a size that can be
encoded in 28 bits). Each small MCS problem is "solved" on the QC,
and then the solutions are somehow combined classically.
Like the soduku, solve the 3X3 squares iteravely then combine to a 9X9
solution.
It is not a cheat in that they are using the quantum system to its
best ability by combining with our current best methods. To only solve
problems with quantum systems is like having only allowing pencil and
paper on tests when the real world has regular computers, wikipedia
and Google.
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[67]Der Spiegel indicates radiation deaths are exaggerated
[68]About 4,000 children were afflicted with cancer after Chernobyl.
Less well-known, however, is the fact that only nine of those 4,000
died -- thyroid cancers are often easy to operate on.
Officially 47 people -- members of the emergency rescue crews --
died in Chernobyl from exposure to lethal doses of radiation. This
is serious enough. "But overall the amount of radiation that
escaped was simply too low to claim large numbers of victims,"
explains Kellerer.
The iodine 131 that escaped from the reactor did end up causing
severe health problems in Ukraine. It settled on meadows in the
form of a fine dust, passing through the food chain, from grass to
cows to milk, and eventually accumulating in the thyroid glands of
children.
A lethal dose of radiation, which causes fever, changes in the
composition of the blood, irreparable damage to the body and death
within two weeks, is 6 Gray.
From a study of all residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who had
survived the atomic explosion within a 10-kilometer (6.2-mile) radius.
Investigators questioned the residents to obtain their precise
locations when the bomb exploded, and used this information to
calculate a personal radiation dose for each resident. Data was
collected for 86,572 people. More than 700 people eventually died as a
result of radiation received from the atomic attack:
87 died of leukemia;
440 died of tumors;
and 250 died of radiation-induced heart attacks.
In addition, 30 fetuses developed mental disabilities after they were
born.
Such statistics have attracted little notice so far. The numbers cited
in schoolbooks are much higher. According to Wikipedia, the online
encyclopedia, 105,000people died of the "long-term consequences of
radiation."
FURTHER READING
[69]Up to 4000 people from Chernobyl might die prematurely.
[70]Other reports on chernobyl
[71]New Scientist also discusses the UN report of 2005
Because of the difficulty of attributing specific cancers to
radiation over decades, the precise number of deaths is "unlikely
ever to be known", the study says.
Michael Repacholi, radiation manager for the UN's World Health
Organization, notes that 25% of those affected by Chernobyl would
ultimately die from spontaneous cancers anyway, and only 3% would
die from cancer as a result of exposure. "Most people will be
surprised that there are so few deaths," he told.
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More Recent Articles
* [85]Considering how to reduce oil consumption ? Know how it is
used now
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up
* [89]Making embryonic stem cells without destroying embryos
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