[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
Eugen Leitl
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Wed Nov 21 09:27:59 UTC 2007
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Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 3 new articles
1. [3]Programmable metallization cell - super computer memory follow
up
2. [4]Making embryonic stem cells without destroying embryos
3. [5]Short, mid and long term energy and transportation system
overhauls
4. [6]More Recent Articles
5. [7]Search advanced nanotechnology
[8]Programmable metallization cell - super computer memory follow up
[9]Arizona State University's Center for Applied Nanoionics (CANi)
claims that Programmable Metallization celll (PMC) memory could be a
1,000 times more efficient than existing flash memory and could enable
devices like USB drives to greatly increase the memory of digital
cameras, MP3 players and laptops.
[10]This is a follow up to my first article on programmable
metallization cell memory in October, 2007
Best of all, the new technique can be used on existing,
conventional storage which means that the cost will not be
prohibitive.
"In using readily available materials, we've provided a way for
this memory to be made at essentially zero extra cost, because the
materials you need are already used in the chips--all you have to
do is mix them in a slightly different way," said Kozicki.
It might not be too long before we see products incorporating the
new technology. Kozicki estimates that the first commercial product
could be within 18 months. PMC has already attracted interest from
several memory vendors, including Micron Technology. Samsung, Sony
and IBM have also been interested in the technology.
[11]Early experimental PMC systems were based on silver-doped
germanium selenide glasses, but these materials were not able to
withstand the temperatures used in standard CMOS fabs.
Work then turned to silver-doped germanium sulfide electrolytes,
and then finally to the current copper-doped germanium sulfide
electrolytes. Axon Technologies has been licensing the basic
concept since its formation in 2001. The first licensee was Micron
Technology, who started work with PMC in 2002. [12]Infineon
followed in 2004, and a number of smaller companies have since
joined as well.
Flash is based on the floating gate concept, essentially a modified
transistor. Conventional transistors have three connections, the
emitter, collector and base. The base is the essential component of
the transistor, controlling the resistance between the emitter and
collector, and thereby acting as a switch. In the floating gate
transistor, the base is attached to a layer that traps electrons,
leaving it switched on (or off) for extended periods of time. The
floating gate can be re-written by passing a large current through
the emitter-collector circuit.
It is this large current that is Flash's primary drawback, and for
a number of reasons. For one, each application of the current
physically degrades the cell, and they will eventually not be able
to be written to. Write cycles on the order of 10**5 to 10**6 are
typical, limiting its application to roles where constant writing
is not common. The current also requires an external circuit to
generate, using a system known as a charge pump. The pump requires
a fairly lengthy charging processes so writing is much slower than
reading, and requires much more power as well. Flash is thus an
"asymmetrical" system, much more so than conventional RAM or hard
drives.
PMC, on the other hand, writes with relatively low power and high
speeds. The speed is inversely related to the power applied (to a
point, there are mechanical limits), so the performance can be
tuned for different roles. Additionally, the writing process is
"almost infinitely reversible", making PMC much more universally
applicable than Flash.
[13]In research published in October's IEEE Transactions on Electron
Devices, Kozicki and his collaborators from the Jülich Research Center
in Germany describe how the PMC builds an on-demand copper bridge
between two electrodes. When the technology writes a binary 1, it
creates a nanowire bridge between two electrodes. When no wire is
present, that state is stored as a 0.
Three companies, [14]Micron Technology, Qimonda and Adesto (a
stealth-mode startup) have licensed the technology from Arizona
State's business spin-off, [15]Axon Technologies. Kozicki says the
first product containing the memory, a simple chip, is slated to come
out in 18 months.
"No other technology can deliver the orders-of-magnitude improvement
in power, performance and cost that this memory can," says Narbeh
Derhacobian, CEO of Adesto, who previously worked at AMD's
flash-memory division.
[16]Adesto has received $6 million from Arch Venture Partners and
additional funding from Harris & Harris, a venture firm specializing
in nanotechnology.
[17]Qimonda is a 13,500 employees computer memory company with over $4
billion/year in sales
FURTHER READING
[18]Nano ionics defined: The term nanoionics is applied when
electrochemical effects occur in materials and devices with
interfaces, e.g., electrodes or electrochemically different material
phases, that are closely-spaced (typically a few tens of nm or less).
In this size regime, the functionality of ionic systems is quite
different from the macro-scale versions but in a highly useful manner.
For example, internal electric fields and ion mobilities are
relatively high in nanoionic structures and this, combined with the
short length scales, result in very fast response times. In addition,
whereas deposition electrochemistry and most batteries use liquids or
gels as ion transport media, nanoionics can take advantage of the fact
that a variety of solid materials are excellent electrolytes,
especially at the nanoscale.
[Koziki-Image-5.jpg]
[19]Nano-ionic appliations
The ability to redistribute metal mass within a structure via the
application of a voltage leads to a wide range of potential
applications. Electrodeposition of a noble metal such as silver
will produce localized persistent but reversible changes to
materials parameters and these changes can be used to control
system behavior.
Examples of the applications of mass transport in solid
electrolytes include the following:
-Electrical resistance changes radically when an electrodeposit
with a resistivity in the tens of mW.cm or lower is deposited on or
in a solid electrolyte which has a resistivity some eight orders of
magnitude higher. This leads to a myriad of applications in solid
state electronics, including memory, storage and logic.
-Deposition of mass can be used to alter the resonant frequency of
a vibrating element in a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). This
has applications in tunable high-Q MEMS-based resonators in RF
systems.
-The optical properties of the electrodeposits have a profound
effect on the transmission and reflection of light and so optical
switches become a possibility using this technique. Such elements
may be used in integrated optics and optical networks.
-The morphology of a typical electrodeposit leads to a large change
in the wetting of a surface, making it highly hydrophobic, and so
the technique can be used in microvalves and other fluid/droplet
control devices in applications ranging from lab-on-a-chip to micro
fuel cells.
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[33]Making embryonic stem cells without destroying embryos
[34]Researchers have created human embryonic stem cells without
destroying embryos or using hard-to-get eggs. The technique may prove
to be easier, cheaper, and
more ethically appealing than an alternative approach that requires
cloning.
Two separate teams of researchers say they have sidestepped the
cloning method and reprogrammed mature human cells into a
primordial,
embryonic-like state. Those cells were then transformed into other
tissue types, such as heart cells. The long-term hope is that such
freshly-created tissue may, for example, be used to heal a
heart-attack patient. Unlike cloning, "the wonderful thing about
this approach is that it's easy."
There are several limitations to the current approach. For now,
both teams had to use dangerous viruses to effectively transport
the genes into the cell, which could have deadly consequences if it
was immediately applied to humans. Dr. Yamanaka and others say they
are testing other viruses in the hopes of finding a non-harmful
one.
And before the reprogramming technique can be applied to human
patients, it needs to be tested on large animal models to ensure
that it's safe and effective.
Still, the latest results are a big step up from similar
breakthroughs in mice, separately reported this summer by Dr.
Yamanaka's group and two other research teams in the U.S. The Kyoto
team reported that embryonic-like cells developed with the new
technique could even help form a new mouse -- a gold-standard test
for the viability of the created tissue.
UPDATE: [35]"I believe that these new results, while they don't end
that controversy, are the beginning of the end of the controversy,"
James Thomson Thomson, a cell biologist at the University of Wisconsin
in Madison (on one of two teams that did the work), said.
One first step may be to grow tissue transplants to repair a
damaged heart, replace the brain cells destroyed by Parkinson's
disease, or perhaps even to grow another whole organ.
But the ultimate goal is even more ambitious. "From a heart cell we
don't have to go back to an embryonic stem cell," Gearhart said in
a telephone interview.
"We could go back to a cardiac progenitor cell. If we knew the
right combination of things ... we could be instructing our own
cells to get them to do what we want them to do."
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[49]Short, mid and long term energy and transportation system overhauls
I am not convinced that we are at peak oil/liquids and if it does
occur I believe that it will not do severe damage to the economies of
the developed countries or China.
In the event of a peak in oil, the most vulnerable countries have a
[50]lot of oil imports. Oil producing countries would cut back on
exports of oil at a faster rate. The USA imports 12 million bpd out of
about 20.6 million bpd consumed. Japan imports 5.1 million bpd out of
5.6 million bpd consumed. China imports 3.4 million bpd out of 7.3
million bpd consumed. Germany and south Korea are next on the list.
We are seeing some problems that are being made worse because by the
Iraq war and potential of war with Iran. Most projections of the peak
are for a substantial plateau. Any demand destruction would hit poorer
countries first.
The initial step is conservation. Dropping speed limits back to 55mph
on highways.
750,000 gallons per day.
Instituting other conservation measures.
No drive days. One day a week retail store closures.
More government imposed and assisted telecommuting.
Satellite office programs.
Fuel rationing.
Carpooling, transit, odd-even and other measures can reduce fuel usage
by 8-15% right away and several can be sustained without harming the
economy. A mid-term transition would be to require and setup satellite
offices and wifi buses and trains (so that people could be productive
while traveling on transit)
Those steps were in the first part of my [51]transitioning from oil
article.
10-20% reduction with those conservation measures. 2-4 million barrels
per day for the USA.
I see no indications that such measures for 4 years would not be
sufficient to allow ANWR and the new gulf oil to get spun up. Then the
shale oil, biofuels and more oilsands and more electrification and
high efficiency vehicles.
ANWR 800,000 bpd by 2018, gulf Oil brazil - maybe 1 million bpd by
2015, Chevron -gulf of Mexico Maybe 700,000 bpd by 2012, Shell oil
shale - maybe 1.5 million bpd by 2025, other significant deep oil
possible of coasts of africa and asia, Canada will still be exporting
oil from oilsands in the pipelines to the USA.
IF Iraq and Iran get stable they each could produce about 6 million
bpd, which is 6 million bpd more than they do now. A more desperate
big country with a big military could super-surge double down to make
that happen.
I believe that China also has the means to conserve and use its $1.4
trillion in reserves to ride out a rapid transition.
The best technologies for moderating peak oil would be better oil
recovery (enhanced oil recovery) like [52]Toe to heel air injection
There are other means of enhanced oil recovery. Actually carbon
sequestering into old fields enhances oil recovery.
The material on the Petrobank web site indicates that it is expected
that THAI will recover 70% to 80% of oil originally in place. If 10%
of the oil originally in place is burned in the process, this would
leave 10% to 20% of the oil originally in place in the ground.
By comparison, recovery using current steam processes is estimated to
be 20% to 50% in the high-grade, homogeneous areas where steam methods
can be used.
Summarizing the near term transitioning from oil steps (from now out
5+ years). Conserve. Use and develop alternative liquids (biofuels,
fuel from shale). Drill everywhere like ANWR (Enhanced oil recovery,
don't fall back to coal, but go hard for more oil and a
nuclear/electric switch). Use electrical transportation. China has 60
million electric cycles and scooters already. (existing batteries good
enough for bikes and scooters)
Then there is the transition to far greater efficiency in the mid-term
2010-2025
[53]Thermoelectronics, I see as big from 2010+ making engines and
society more efficient
[54]Superconductoring motors for industrial efficiency and for
[55]improved power grid efficiency and reliability.
Improved industrial processes and direct current long haul power lines
would also help.
More power, nuclear fission, wind, and maybe fusion
If we do not get good nuclear fusion then the world and China will
build a lot of nuclear fission.
I also like the [56]kitegen system for wind power and think it would
work and be cheaper and better. There will also be [57]10MW
superconducting wind generators.
I discuss the [58]nuclear plans of China, India and Russia
[59]China's nuclear build is accelerating, with interior provinces
likely to get reactors.
China's [60]big hydro build and [61]more renewables for China
I go into detail about [62]scaling up nuclear fission by a lot. I also
discuss how "nuclear waste" is unburned nuclear fuel. The right
reactors (which have been built before) would burn it all.
Worst case oil problems trigger a four year crash program transition
and a deep recession. Weaker countries in Africa etc... are hit the
most.
[63]Nuclear Fusion best bets in my view : Bussard fusion, Tri alpha
energy colliding beam fusion, Z-pinch rapid fire, Hyper (laser fusion)
To summarize the overall plan: conserve, drill more, use enhanced oil
recovery, switch to more efficient electrical transportation, switch
to more efficient systems (thermoelectric, superconductors) and
develop nuclear fission, wind and fusion.
[64]Changing the USA energy production mix
Over 20 years, a replacement energy mix scenario for the USA is (total
needed power is in the range of 5200 billion kwh for electricity and
then a similar amount for transportation. Need to replace as much of
the 80% of the power that is produced by coal and oil as possible.):
160 new 2GW nuclear plants (up-rated 1.55 GW reactors) with 16.25
billion kWh each. 2600 billion kWh
600 billion kWh from up-rating of existing nuclear reactors (increased
from original article because of MIT and other research on generating
a lot more power from current nuclear plants)
400 billion kWh from wind
200 billion kWh from solar
34 billion kWh from superconductor motor industrial efficiency
1000 billion kwh from thermoelectronic and other efficiency technology
(new)
[65]There is a new IEA plan for stabilizing world CO2 at the 450 parts
per million level for less global warming.
Nuclear capacity under this projection would more than double from
its current capacity to 833 GW by 2030. Even if this increase were
to happen, nuclear would account for only 16% of the necessary
reductions in CO2 emissions worldwide. This should speak to the
monstrous challenge the world faces in curbing CO2 emissions.
Improved fossil-fuel efficiency would account for 27% of the
reductions; end-use energy efficiency would provide 13%; biofuels
for transportation, 4%; renewables for power, 19%; and CO2 capture
and storage, 21%.
The USA, China, Japan, S korea, Russia, Europe and Canada would be the
ones who would be needing to step up and install a lot more nuclear
power.
The climate bill passages in the US and Europe and even faster
building in the interior of China could combine to increase power by
another 800GW by 2030. 1.6 TW.
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77. http://www.talkr.com/app/text_to_audio.app?feed_url=http%3a%2f%2ffeeds.feedburner.com%2fblogspot%2fadvancednano&permalink=http%3a%2f%2ffeeds.feedburner.com%2f~r%2fblogspot%2fadvancednano%2f~3%2f187804568%2fshort-mid-and-long-term-energy-and.html&src=5
78. LYNXIMGMAP:file://localhost/tmp/mutt.html#outbrainMap_64651_2
79. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/187439309/detecting-chemical-reactions-in-single.html
80. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/187363471/help-hookupcom-army-of-volunteers.html
81. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/187306252/interviewed-by-speculistcom.html
82. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/187278175/progress-on-stronger-carbon-nanotube.html
83. http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/187258205/personal-dna-services-for-about-1000.html
84. http://tagline.feedblitz.com/nfc?affid=10059&sender=cf515ead64587146fb6815a2a013d226,feedblitz.com&rcpt=8da0e5c5ebdabb2bd85a8a5d3a603a7c,leitl.org&ranstr=b76a5dbc-9812-11dc-a0f7-003005ce&group=64651
85. http://www.feedblitz.com/adfaq.asp
86. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3w2NDY1MXxldWdlbkBsZWl0bC5vcmd8MTAzOTgz_
87. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Subscriptions=64651
88. http://www.feedblitz.com/f
89. http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?EmailRemove=_Mjk4NzI1M3x8ZXVnZW5AbGVpdGwub3JnfDEwMzk4Mw==_
90. http://www.feedblitz.com/
91. http://www.feedblitz.com/
----- End forwarded message -----
--
Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
______________________________________________________________
ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://www.ativel.com http://postbiota.org
8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE
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