[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 2 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Fri Nov 2 07:56:53 UTC 2007
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Date: Fri, 02 Nov 2007 03:23:35 -0400
To: eugen <eugen at leitl.org>
Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 2 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 2 new articles
1. [3]High endurance and enhanced longevity mouse created
2. [4]Scanning tunneling microscope made 100 to 1000 times faster
3. [5]More Recent Articles
4. [6]Search advanced nanotechnology
[7]High endurance and enhanced longevity mouse created
[8]One of my readers, Mav, pointed out that physorg.com has announced:
Case Western Reserve University researchers have bred a line of
"mighty mice" (PEPCK-Cmus mice) that have the capability of running
five to six kilometers at a speed of 20 meters per minute on a
treadmill for up to six hours before stopping.
This announcement is related to the [9]myostatin blocking drugs which
are four times more effective at building muscle than high doses of
steroids.
"They are metabolically similar to Lance Armstrong biking up the
Pyrenees; they utilize mainly fatty acids for energy and produce
very little lactic acid," said Richard W. Hanson, the Leonard and
Jean Skeggs Professor of Biochemistry at Case Western Reserve and
the senior author of the cover article that appeared in the Journal
of Biological Chemistry, entitled "Over Expression of the Cytosolic
Form of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) in Skeletal Muscle
Repatterns Energy Metabolism in the Mouse."
These genetically engineered mice also eat 60 percent more than
controls, but remain fitter, trimmer and live and breed longer than
wild mice in a control group. Some female PEPCK-Cmus mice have had
offspring at 2.5 years of age, an amazing feat considering most
mice do not reproduce after they are one year old. According to
Hanson, the key to this remarkable alteration in energy metabolism
is the over-expression of the gene for the enzyme
phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCK-C).
As part of this study, the researchers determined oxygen
consumption, the production of carbon dioxide and changes in the
lactate concentrations in the blood of the PEPCK-Cmus mice and
controls during strenuous exercises on a treadmill, which was set
at a 25-degree incline. The treadmill speed was increased by 2m/min
every minute until the mice stopped running. The PEPCK-Cmus mice
ran an average of 31.9 minutes, compared to 19 minutes for the
control animals.
This new mouse line also has an increased content of mitochondria
and high concentrations of triglycerides in their skeletal muscles,
which also contributed to the increased metabolic rate and
longevity of the animals.
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[23]Scanning tunneling microscope made 100 to 1000 times faster
[24]From physorg.com, using an existing technique in a novel way,
Cornell physicist Keith Schwab and colleagues at Cornell and Boston
University have made the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) -- which
can image individual atoms on a surface -- at least 100 times faster.
[5-newtechnique.jpg]
The simple adaptation, based on a method of measurement currently
used in nano-electronics, could also give STMs significant new
capabilities -- including the ability to sense temperatures in
spots as small as a single atom.
But while current can change in a nanosecond, measurements with the
STM are painfully slow. And the limiting factor is not in the
signal itself: It's in the basic electronics involved in analyzing
it. A theoretical STM could collect data as fast as electrons can
tunnel -- at a rate of one gigahertz, or 1 billion cycles per
second of bandwidth. But a typical STM is slowed down by the
capacitance, or energy storage, in the cables that make up its
readout circuitry -- to about one kilohertz (1,000 cycles per
second) or less.
Researchers have tried a variety of complex remedies. But in the
end, said Schwab, an associate professor of physics at Cornell, the
solution was surprisingly simple. By adding an external source of
radio frequency (RF) waves and sending a wave into the STM through
a simple network, the researchers showed that it's possible to
detect the resistance at the tunneling junction -- and hence the
distance between the probe and sample surface -- based on the
characteristics of the wave that reflects back to the source.
The technique, called reflectometry, uses the standard cables as
paths for high-frequency waves, which aren't slowed down by the
cables' capacitance.
"There are six orders of magnitude between the fundamental limit in
frequency and where people are operating," said Schwab. With the RF
adaptation, speeds increase by a factor of between 100 and 1,000.
"Our hope is that we can produce more or less video images, as
opposed to a scan that takes forever."
The setup also offers potential for atomic resolution thermometry
-- precise measurements of temperature at any particular atom on a
surface -- and for motion detection so sensitive it could measure
movement of a distance 30,000 times smaller than the size of an
atom.
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More Recent Articles
* [38]Superlative forecasters exist and being a scout of good
forecasters
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* [40]Infrared light used as better optical tweezers on silicon
* [41]Programmable-metallization-cell (PMC) memory, or nano-ionic
memory could start replacing flash memory in 18 months
* [42]Engineers develop world's most complex silicon phased-array
chip
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Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
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