[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Wed Jul 11 10:25:17 UTC 2007
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Date: Wed, 11 Jul 2007 06:17:51 -0400
To: eugen <eugen at leitl.org>
Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 3 new articles
1. [3]Monolithic Domes for military, space and polar regions
2. [4]California population projected at 60 million in 2050
3. [5]Software and power key to supercomputers beyond petaflop
4. [6]More Recent Articles
[7]Monolithic Domes for military, space and polar regions
[771943842_a873c7b96b.jpg?v=0]
Monolithic dome structure
[8]The dome structures can be built quickly and [9]are very strong.
[10]del.icio.us
The Monolithic Dome is the most disaster resistant building that
can be built at a reasonable price without going underground or
into a mountain.
A wind of 70 miles per hour blowing against a 30 foot tall flat
walled building in open flat terrain will exert a pressure of 22
pounds per square foot. If the wind speed is increased to 300 miles
per hour the pressure is increased to 404 pounds per square foot
(psf). Wind speed of 300 MPH is considered maximum for a tornado.
It is far greater than that of a hurricane.
Cars can be parked on 100 psf. The side pressure on the building
could equal the weight of cars piled 4 high. No normal building can
withstand that much pressure. Many Monolithic Domes are buried up
to 30 feet deep. They must withstand pressures up to 1 ton per
square foot (2000 psf)].
Against tornado pressure a MonolithicDome 100 feet in diameter, 35
feet tall would still have a safety margin of nearly 1½ times its
minimum design strength. In other words, the stress created by the
300 mile per hour wind would increase the compressive pressure in
the concrete shell to 1,098 psi. The shell is allowed 2,394 psi
using design strengths of 4,000 psi.
The fact is the Monolithic(TM) Dome is not flat and therefore never
could the maximum air pressure against it of 404 pounds per square
foot be realized. Neither is the concrete only 4,000 psi. It is
always much greater. The margin of safety is probably more like
three or four.
[11]The dome buildings are also highly energy efficient
The initial cost of a Monolithic Dome is usually the same as a
custom built, conventional home of equal interior finish. If you
planned on buying a $100,000 house, you will probably have to pay
$100,000 for your dome home.
Monolithic Domes are built to high standards. All standard US homes
are built as Type V fire rated structures. Which means they are
built entirely of combustible materials. One match and it's gone. A
dome is fire rated at Type II or better. It just doesn't burn. The
contents inside may, but the overall fire safety is incredibly
high. This can save money in the long term by lowering the
homeowners insurance policy.
Using three inches of polyurethane foam on the outside of three
inches of concrete makes the dome extremely energy efficient.
Monolithic Domes require only half or less energy to heat and cool.
One homeowner moved from a 1400 square foot conventional home to a
2700 square foot Monolithic Dome. His energy bill remained the same
although the dome was twice as big.
A Monolithic Dome is not susceptible to termites and other
creatures. It won't rot. It won't get blown away or knocked down.
Mold is not a serious problem. These are only some examples of the
Monolithic Dome's advantages.
However, the long-term, day-to-day costs of a Monolithic Dome will be
always be lower. And the true cost of owning a dome home is
substantially less.
[doah.jpg]
70' x 54', luxurious, beachfront property that is the home of Valerie
and Mark Sigler, as well as a bed and breakfast
The [12]Army's Rapid Equipping Force is looking at using the domes
instead of tents.
Domes may eventually be deployed to forward operating bases at U.S.
Central Command. Development is scheduled through August, 2007,
testing is slated for September and a final decision would be made
in April 2008.
[13]Domes can be built resistant to small arms fire like rifles
[14]A Mosque in Iraq was built from a monolithic dome. The structure
survived a 5000lb bomb, although it will need extensive interior
repair.
With the help of Iraqi laborers, it took only 4 1/2 months to
complete 28 domes. A large group of Iraqis were taught to spray
polyurethane foam while a Canadian crew hung steel and sprayed
concrete. With their combined efforts they were able to complete
one of the grain storage domes in just 4 1/2 days.
A future alternative is to use nanomaterials for the reinforcement
instead of steel rebar. [15]Currently kevlar and other materials could
be used but have higher costs
FURTHER READING:
[16]NASA is looking at inflatable structures (other makers) for lunar
bases
[070328_inflate_hab_02.jpg]
The "planetary surface habitat and airlock unit"
[17]Inflatable bases for the artic [18]Bolonkin and Cathcart have
attracted attention with their artic proposal, but a prototype has not
yet been constructed.
Economists allege that the mean 2006 USA Dollar value of Polar
Region land territory is generally low compared to the world total
of ~$250,000/km2. For example: Antarctica ~$40/km2, Greenland
~$650/km2, Canada ~$77,000/km2 and Russia ~$106,000/km2. However,
world economic productivity data show that the 2006 USA dollar
output per capita in the Earth-biosphere is greatest in Polar
Regions; cold regions have output per capita that is approximately
10-12 times that of the Earth's Tropic Zones.
Suggest initial macroprojects could be small (10 m diameter) houses
followed by an "Evergreen" dome in the Arctic or Antarctica
covering a land area 200 X 1000m, with irrigated vegetation, homes,
open-air swimming pools, playground. The house and "Evergreen" dome
have several innovations: Sun reflector, double transparent
insulating film, controllable jalousies coated with reflective
aluminum and an electronic cable mesh inherent to the film for dome
safety/integrity monitoring purposes. By undertaking to construct a
halfsphere house, we can acquire experience in such constructions
and explore more complex constructions. By computation, a 10 m
diameter home has a useful floor area of 78.5 m2, airy interior
volume of 262 m3 covered by an envelope with an exterior area of
157 m2. It film enclosure material would have a thickness of 0.0002
mm with a total mass of 65 kg. A city-enclosing "Evergreen" dome of
200 X 1000 m could have calculated characteristics: useful area =
2.3 X 10**5 m2, useful volume 17.8 X 10**6 m3, exterior dome area
of 3.75 X 10**5 m2 comprised of a film of 0.0002 mm thickness and
145 tonnes. If the "Evergreen" dome were formed with concrete 0.2 m
thick, the mass of the city-size envelope would be 173,000 tonnes,
which is a thousand times heavier.
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[22]California population projected at 60 million in 2050
I had an article about [23]USA and California's population projected
in Q1 of 2007.
There is a new San francisco Chronicle article about [24]California
expected population.
In the new report, state demographers used the latest county
population estimates as a baseline to make assumptions about future
migration patterns. The formulas they used accounted for
undocumented immigrants, Martindale said.
Future predictions also have to take the economy into account, he
said. It's unclear how many Hispanics will move out of California
by 2042, especially if the state remains one of the country's most
expensive places to live.
By midcentury, it's estimated that Hispanics will comprise 52
percent of California's 59.5 million residents.
[ba_pop.jpg]
The projections are from the California Department of Finance, which
tends to have higher projections than some other sources. I mostly
agree with these projections
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[28]Software and power key to supercomputers beyond petaflop
IBM and Sun have announced petaflop supercomputers. [29]They indicate
that there are no barriers to more computer power but the most
important issues going forward are to manage and reduce power usage
and to improve software.
"The hardware speed [of supercomputers] will not reach a plateau,"
said Simon See, Sun Microsystems' director for Advance Computing
Solution, System Practice and Global Science and Tech Network, in
an e-mail interview with ZDNet Asia. "However, what might prevent
effectiveness could be the software layer on the hardware."
"Accelerator chips speed up performance by taking over some
computing tasks from the main processor," he explained. "CBE is
good at graphics, so a CBE accelerator would perform
graphics-intensive calculations."
Dunn noted that while there does not appear to be any engineering
or technical hurdles that would keep supercomputing speeds from
gaining, "the biggest issue is probably the ability to fund the
necessary innovations".
[petaflop.jpg]
Scaling up to a petaflop with IBM's Blue Gene/P
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More Recent Articles
* [33]Air pollution index that is tied to health risk
* [34]DNA synthesis costs and projections
* [35]Synthetic biology uses viruses to fight biofilms
* [36]Synthetic biology and synthetic life milestones
* [37]Ethics and Gene Therapy
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References
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7. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/07/monolithic-domes.html
8. http://www.monolithic.com/plan-design/mdconst/index.html
9. http://www.monolithic.com/plan-design/survive/index.html
10. http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/07/monolithic-domes.html&title=Monolithic%20domes%20for%20homes,%20military,%20space%20and%20polar%20regions
11. http://www.monolithic.com/pres/alt-energy/index.html
12. http://www.ref.army.mil/nonflash/default.asp
13. http://www.monolithic.com/thedome/bullet_test/index.html
14. http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/iraq/pic01.html
15. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5560&page=58
16. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070328_tw_inflatable_hab.html
17. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/01/inflatable-habitats-for-polar-and-space.html
18. http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0701098
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