[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Sat Dec 1 21:34:30 UTC 2007
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Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2007 02:40:39 -0500
To: eugen <eugen at leitl.org>
Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 3 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 3 new articles
1. [3]A review my favorite space launch and propulsion systems
2. [4]Thermoelectronic advances
3. [5]Update on the nuclear "battery"
4. [6]More Recent Articles
5. [7]Search advanced nanotechnology
[8]A review my favorite space launch and propulsion systems
[9]Accelerating future had reviewed systems for getting into space in
2006
I had covered the [10]EM drive but is definitely one of the long shots
with a lot of unknowns in the science (ie. I seriously doubt that it
will work).
My preferences are for:
[2050937848_fd7e8c872f_o.jpg]
Bussard IEC fusion earth to orbit spaceship. Credit: Tom Ligon and
EMC2fusion
[11]Fusion propulsion if Bussard IEC fusion or [12]Trialpha energy
colliding beam fusion or laser fusion or Z pinch fusion work. The
fusion systems would have a superior version for getting from ground
to orbit. However, as we have experienced fusion technology could
disappoint and take longer than we would like to develop.
[490549251_a079222a57.jpg?v=0]
Laser launch concept
[2077047280_c2f6da1336.jpg?v=0]
Laser mirror concept for station keeping. For laser mirror propulsion,
there would be an array of large (100+ kw solid state) lasers firing
at one of the mirrors and the other non-moving mirror would be on the
moon or the earth.
[13]Mirror Laser array launches Solid state high power lasers are
progressing far faster in power and efficiency than many people
realize. I think convergence of technology could make this happen far
quicker than many would expect. It would bring the cost of launches
down to about the cost of electricity (even better with mirror
systems)
[mauk2b_small.jpg]
[14]I would really like it if people would become rational and allow
nuclear rocket launches. The liberty ship is one that could luanch
1000 tons at a go and would not release radiation into the atmosphere
I think nuclear rocket systems would be safer than chemical and space
planes because there is so much safety margin to play with.
[15]Project Orion definitely made sense. It would be cheaper than the
space elevator. [16]The launch cost for the largest Orions was 5 cents
per pound (11 cent/kg) to Earth orbit in 1958 dollars. In 2005
dollars, the cost would be 32 cents/lb or 70 cents.
[orion_blastoff2.jpg]
[17]Minimag Orion and other external nuclear pulse propulsion systems
One thing to note is the pussy footing around with sub-critical
explosions is stupid if we have technology for achieving 10+% of the
speed of light and have 20+GW laser arrays. 10 kiloton TNT equivalent
bombs would be like hand grenades.
[18]What seems like a cheap system for bringing the cost of gravity
hardened systems and cargo into space for less than 25% of current
costs is ram accelerators (big guns)
nuclear electric rocket
A nuclear powered vasimr might look more like this nuclear electric
vehicle. Replace the MPD thrusters with vasimr engines, replace the
Brayton units with advanced thermoelectric devices.
[2072410036_f7c1afef70_o.jpg]
Image of a vasimr rocket
[19]Nuclear powered Vasimr for getting around from orbit to other
places
My issues with the space elevator is that it will take longer than I
would like to make it happen. It brings the goal of bringing the cost
of getting to space to approach the cost of the electricity to lift
mass to the right height. The mirror laser array system seems like
something that could come together faster than the space elevator. I
also prefer a longer space pier over the space elevator. However, I
still support the space elevator project because other approaches
might have development delays as well. Capturing mind share and
imagination are useful things for making something happen.
high altitude winds
[20]I am also concerned about the performance of the recent contest
climbers when they could not climb because of wind. The actual
climbers will have to go through high winds at higher altitudes.
[21][advancednano?i=YiUvepB] [22][advancednano?i=yx7LcgB]
[23][advancednano?i=GRJFrwb] [24][advancednano?i=RPAvyub]
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[27][advancednano?i=3hBUQIb] [28][advancednano?i=1saBbgB]
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[34]Thermoelectronic advances
[2076556268_3df3957084_o.jpg]
Recent quantum dots are three times better than thermoelectric devices
from the mid-1990's. There are quantum wells that get 4.5ZT.
Vehicle efficiency technology gets about [35]176 million per year The
new thermoelectronics are not magic technology. They are part of one
of the highest value US government research programs. The advanced
versions should be ready in 2014. (Actually the first versions will be
in BMW car in 2010. Crude versions are already used for beer
refridgerators and are used for car seat warmers).
[2076556266_0074a4413b_o.jpg]
It can be seen on this chart that 4.5 ZT gets 38% efficiency for 500
degrees and 54% efficiency for 1000 degrees
Recent quantum well samples have achieved 4.5 ZT.
[2075778363_7a4c6279e0_o.jpg]
The 4.5 ZT would have 17-25% efficiency under more common temperature
ranges
[2076595336_09c46ff844.jpg?v=0]
Nanostructured material could achieve ZT of 10-15.
[2076595330_b9dd520e51.jpg?v=0]
The 2014 target is a ZT of 10 which would make thermoelectric
conversion of 35% for temperature ranges typically found in cars. The
goal is raise diesel engine efficiency from 38% now to 60%. More than
50% better without adjust the weight of the vehicle.
[36]Powerchips claim 70-80% carnot efficiency.
FURTHER READING
[37]Quantum well thermoelectronics 28 page presentation
[38]A 55 page presentation on using thermoelectronics for cars and
other applications. It also discusses scaling up the production
processes.
[39]Another set of slides on making diesels more efficiency
[40]Freedomcar website
[41]A presentation on a near term target of 10% efficient
thermoelectric system.
[42]2006 advanced engine project status review.
The target for engine efficiency increase was 10%- 13% which was
met by achieving 10.5% efficiency improvement when the engine was
operating over a steady-state cycle. However, the achievement in
the road cycle was 8.2% increase in efficiency. When the engine was
coupled to a CVT the efficiency increase was only 5%.
A comprehensive study showed that with a 5% increased efficiency
and the fuel price of $2.50/gal, it takes a little less than 1.5
years to compensate the initial charges added to the engine due to
the efficiency recovery units. This study has been done for a
10,000unit production volume per year. With increase in annual
production numbers and considering a learning factor of 0.87 the
pay back time will reduce significantly.
thermoelectric addon to freight trucks payback
A thermoelectric addon device costing a few thousand dollars would pay
for itself in 9-18 months. Better systems will perform even better,
cost less and would become economic as add-ons for smaller trucks and
cars.
[43][advancednano?i=32seOOB] [44][advancednano?i=t3h1cvB]
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[56]Update on the nuclear "battery"
I exchanged email with [57]Hyperion Power Generation (the maker of the
new power generator. They indicate that the Sante Fe reporter made a
mistake. The output is about 25-17 MW ELECTRIC [This statement was
also consistent with the patent which talked about tens of MW in
electricity. They also said that the containment vessel will be dense
enough that no radiation will escape even if it is not buried in the
ground.
[58]Hyperion does not have a detailed diagram of the heat piping but
there does not seem like there should be anything special about the
heat piping system. In this presentation on slide 34 and 35 they have
the density of heat pipes which seems appropriate About 1/9th of the
volume taken up with heat pipes
[59]The electric power generation is based on standard turbines which
are about 40% efficient. There is new thermoelectronics which could
double that efficiency.
[60]For space vehicles, one could replace the heavy radiation
shielding with lighter alternatives like electrostatic shielding.
[61]I talked about using the simplified solid core nuclear reactor for
enhanced recovery of shale oil to help resolve peak oil.
[62]I examined using the nuclear power in combination with the Vasimr
plasma rocket engine for 39 day trips to Mars
[63]I also discuss using this technology as one of several
technologies that would make civilization more resistant to disasters.
[64][advancednano?i=nac4gnB] [65][advancednano?i=X5vhK7B]
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[70][advancednano?i=RvrveGb] [71][advancednano?i=vNeAgoB]
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[76]Rate 'Update on the nuclear "battery"'
More Recent Articles
* [77]Other advances in enhanced oil recovery
* [78]China yuan update: China allowing more market forces
* [79]Carnival of Space week 31
* [80]Stabilizing Iraq using In depth understanding and connection
with the local people
* [81]Molecular map for aging created for Mice
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Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org
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