[tt] advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
Eugen Leitl
<eugen at leitl.org> on
Wed Aug 15 11:45:57 UTC 2007
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Date: Wed, 15 Aug 2007 07:01:01 -0400
To: eugen <eugen at leitl.org>
Subject: advanced nanotechnology - 4 new articles
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"[2]advanced nanotechnology" - 4 new articles
1. [3]Bigelow plans habitable private space station by 2010
2. [4]Optical scanning larger areas at 10-30 nanometer resolution (7
to 20 times better)
3. [5]Improving Chip cooling by 250%
4. [6]Predictions on Artificial General Intelligence
5. [7]More Recent Articles
6. [8]Search advanced nanotechnology
[9]Bigelow plans habitable private space station by 2010
[10]The company plans to luanch its Sundancer space station, able to
support a crew of three, into orbit by 2010.
[220px-Sundancer_in_orbit.jpg]
[11]Prior plans for the $75 million Sundancer are a 180 cubic meters
of habitation, attitude control, orbit maneuverability and three
windows to support a crew of three. Bigelow has partnered with
Lockheed Martin to use its Atlas V rocket to propel the Sundancer into
orbit. The Bigelow Sundancer is not the only space hotel on the books,
however, for this company. Bigelow Aeronautics is also working on its
Nautilus module, which is reported to be 10-times the size of Genesis
I.
[350px-NautilusModule2.jpg]
[12]Bigelow also has plans for the BA 330, which would have 330 cubic
meters of space It is planned for launch in 2012.
[Nautiluscruiser.jpg]
An advanced version of the BA330 would be for orbiting around the
earth and the moon ([13]cislunar orbit
[14]A competing firm, Galactic Suite based in Barcelona, Spain, is
planning a 3 bedroom space hotel in 2012
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[19]Optical scanning larger areas at 10-30 nanometer resolution (7 to 20
times better)
[20]The German team that developed the stimulated emission depletion
(STED) microscope stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope is
reporting layer-by-layer light microscopic nanoscale images of cells
and without having to prepare thin sections with a technique called
optical 3D far-field microscopy. They use a chemical marker for
fluorescence nanoscopy that relies on single-molecule photoswitching.
They report the use of molecules that are not only transferred but can
be 'switched' from fluorescent to non-fluorescent and back. They are
able to optically scan larger areas (than previous research) at 10-30
nanometer resolution (7 to 20 times better than the 200 nanometer
visible light diffraction limit)
[id2358.jpg]
3D view of cells with flourescent markers
In contrast to STED, only separate, isolated marker molecules are
randomly switched on at the same time. Their fluorescence is
registered, and then they get switched off again automatically. In
this way, the simultaneously fluorescing (switched on) markers are
farther apart from each other than the minimum distance that the
microscope can resolve. This is only possible using switchable
molecules that emit many photons, one after the other, when
switched on. If these photons are captured with a camera, the
centers of the individual fluorescing dots can be distinguished.
After the exposure, the molecule becomes dark again (switches off),
allowing further, neighboring molecules to be photographed. This
process is repeated many times, until many dots become a picture.
The full distribution can be reconstructed - at a resolution not
limited by the wavelength of light.
The researchers have now found a class of substances that fulfill
all the requirements of this technique: rhodamine amides. At the
core of these molecules lies a system of five rings. In this form,
the compound is colorless and does not fluoresce. Irradiation with
light induces an isomerization in which one of the rings is opened.
This form of the molecule is red and can be excited several times.
Most importantly: rhodamine amides can be switched on by either a
UV photon or two photons in the red part of the spectrum. This
two-photon excitation can be focused onto a thin plane, which
allows biological samples to be photographed layer by layer. The
individual images can then be reconstructed into a single
multilayer image. The resolution reached in the focal plane is far
beyond the diffraction barrier (10-30 nm).
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[25]Improving Chip cooling by 250%
[26]The Purdue University researchers, in work funded by Intel Corp,
have shown tiny "ionic wind engines" that might improve computer chip
cooling by 250%. When used in combination with a conventional fan, the
experimental device enhanced the fan's effectiveness by increasing
airflow to the surface of a mock computer chip. The new technology
could help engineers design thinner laptop computers that run cooler
than today's machines.
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[31]Predictions on Artificial General Intelligence
[32]Bruce Klein crafted a poll to gain a better perspective on the
time-frame for when we may see greater-than-human level AI. There are
several interesting answers to the question. The question was
interpreted in many ways. I interpreted the question to be when will
there be artificial general intelligence which has capabilities that
signicantly exceed the human level range.
[33]I have discussed my predictions on hardware for artificial
intelligence
[34]There are several papers from the 2006 Artificial General
Intelligence workshop
Assumptions
I believe that progress will be getting faster. Examples of computer
related capability that is improving faster than Moore's law are:
General purpose GPUs, better nanotechnology, quantum computers and
graphene/plasmonic computers. It is the kinds of hardware for computer
memory and processing which are the most successful.
An underlying aspect is how useful AGI will be. Quantum computing,
which seems to be emerging with Dwave Systems, has usefulness
discussions. Even with very good quanutm computing there are still
mathematically provably hard problems. AGI pushing those frontiers
will also still find it slow going even if the intelligence is faster
than human. The greatest impact for AGI would be if they could somehow
help circumvent the bad choices and screwups that humans have been
making.
Examples of problems caused by bad collective choices
We are not in space and do not have good energy production solutions.
This is not because solutions could not be thought of but because the
social and leadership system for selecting and organizing around
solutions is flawed. Nuclear pulsed propulsion, advanced nuclear
thermal should have been developed.
Most people are not rich because of self-defeating behaviors.
Society has poverty because of short sighted corruption (group
self-destructiveness)
AGI should still focus on business problems. [35]Thinking Machines did
not have a focus on making money and business problems and went out of
business.
Predictions on AGI
1. When do we have the raw hardware capacity equivalence or passing of
10 petaflops (but we could get surprised and find we need 1 exaflop) ?
For the 10 petaflop number 2012 for a full real time human brain
simulation. (100 billion neurons) 2018 for that simulation to be less
than an average annual salary of someone in the developed countries.
($60,000/year at that time)
For the 1 exaflop number 2018 for a full real time human brain
simulation. (100 billion neurons) 2023 for that simulation to be less
than an average annual salary of someone in the developed countries.
($60,000/year at that time)
2012-2018 for the hardware for greater than human AI.
2. It will take more than hardware. Being able to put the pieces
together for really useful AGI will take correct models of
intelligence, theories, architectures, algorithms and integration of
sensors and more access to information.
Each productive human is pretty highly specialized in the area in
which they are making a contribution. The greater than human AI that
does most things better than any person or group of people needs to be
equal to one hundred to one million human specialists. Narrowly
specialized and computers in the general range (some things better and
some things worse then people) would make a difference but would not
be reaching a different class of capability.
So I think high impact AI that is the range somewhat above and below
human level will last from 2012-2035. I think we will be getting
towards the real core of the problems re:intelligence that we do not
understand yet during this period.
The whole new game level of greater than human AI could be in the
2030-2050 timeframe or a tad before depending upon when we can use
molecular nanotech or other technology to make a lot of optical,
quantum computronium. A bunch of cheap billion exaflop machines
running 100 exaneuron equivalent and connected to molecular
nanotechnology sensors systems would be able to compensate for
inefficiency in the implemented AGI solutions with a lot of brute
force capability.
People will slip-streamed in behind with tight integration with
computer intelligence and adopt other enhancements.
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More Recent Articles
* [40]tax breaks for renewables
* [41]My military nanotech article posted with pictures
* [42]Space carnival week 15
* [43]Cheaper space launch $500/kg or less: Ram accelerator,
magnetic launch and plasma hypersonic
* [44]Widely deployable Incremental improvements
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12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA_330
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cislunar
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40. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/08/tax-breaks-for-renewables.html
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42. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/08/space-carnival-week-15.html
43. http://advancednano.blogspot.com/2007/08/cheaper-space-launch-500kg-or-less-ram.html
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